3种荒漠植物幼苗生长和光合生理对氮增加的响应

选取荒漠地区广泛分布的3种多年生草本植物骆驼刺（Alhagi sparsifolia）、骆驼蹄瓣（Zygophyllum fabago）和盐生车前（Plantago maritima）,研究其生长和光合生理对氮增加的响应。结果表明: ①中等浓度和高浓度氮处理均能够促进3种植物生物量的增加。施氮浓度增加后,骆驼刺的根重和根长均增加,但是骆驼蹄瓣和盐生车前却降低。随着氮浓度增加,冠根比（S/R）亦增加,说明氮沉降增加能够促进生产力尤其是地上生产力增加。②随着氮浓度的增加, 植物的净光合速率（包括最大净光合速率）、叶绿素和可溶性蛋白增加。骆驼刺和盐生车前的瞬时水分利用效率表现为降低,而骆驼蹄瓣则表现为增加。3种植物可溶性糖含量随氮浓度的增加而减少。3种植物的光合生理特征响应能够很好地与生长相对应,在光合生理受到氮素营养限制时,其植物的生长较慢。当解除营养限制时,光合增加、可溶性糖减少,植物生物量增加。     

干旱对解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)FZB42生物被膜的形成及根际定殖能力的影响

解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)FZB42是一种植物根际促生菌(PGPR),能够促进植物生长,提高植物抵抗病害\,干旱和盐胁迫的能力。但关于干旱胁迫下解淀粉芽孢杆菌FZB42自身生物被膜形成能力及根际定殖能力的研究鲜见报道。利用PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,进行渗透势分别为-0.05、-0.50、-1.48、-2.95 MPa的干旱胁迫处理,测定分析此胁迫条件对解淀粉芽孢杆菌FZB42的生长、生物被膜的形成、根际定殖能力以及胞外多糖产量的影响,为进一步阐明解淀粉芽孢杆菌FZB42对提高植物的抗干旱能力提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)高浓度的PEG-6000能够显著抑制解淀粉芽孢杆菌FZB42的生长、生物被膜的形成及在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)根际的定殖能力。当添加15%PEG-6000时,生物被膜吸光度(OD600)和根际定殖数量达到最低值,分别为1.542和1 500 cfu·mm^-1。(2)解淀粉芽孢杆菌FZB42的胞外多糖分泌量随PEG-6000浓度的增加而增加。不添加PEG-6000时,胞外多糖含量最低为150.2 mg·L^-1。当添加15%PEG-6000时,胞外多糖的产量最高为568.8 mg·L^-1。     

表皮环割对花花柴(Kareliniacaspica)水势及光合参数的短期影响

生长在塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘的植物在生长季常遭受虫害和放牧的影响,频繁的干扰在很大程度上限制了该地区植物的生存和生长.以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲外围花花柴(Karelinia caspica)为试验材料,模拟干扰对于花花柴生理状况的短期影响,设置了对照(正常枝条)、中度环割(表皮环割50%)、重度环割(表皮环割100%),观测了环割后10 d内花花柴气孔导度、水势、光合色素、叶绿素荧光等在不同环割条件下的变化特征.结果显示:(1)除了类胡萝卜素(Car)含量外,中度环割对花花柴各项生理参数的影响不明显;(2)重度环割能够明显降低花花柴气孔导度、清晨水势和正午水势、叶绿素(Cal)含量和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量;(3)重度环割使得花花柴的光合原初反应遭到抑制,光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)结构和功能遭到损害,活性降低,光合器官对光能的吸收、传递、转化和电子捕获等过程也遭到抑制,用于耗散的能量显著增多.整体来看,重度环割下的花花柴短期内各项生理参数均出现显著降低,而中度环割下花花柴各项生理参数短期内变化不大.当人为或者昆虫、野兔等对花花柴表皮产生机械损伤时,表皮部分损伤的植物也许可以通过自身修复,使得各项生理机能恢复正常,而表皮遭受重度破坏的植物会随着时间的推移趋向于死亡.在荒漠化防治过程中,我们应该尽量避免花花柴的表皮被全部剥蚀.     

科尔沁沙地中南部34种植物叶功能性状及其相互关系

以科尔沁沙地中南部34种主要植物为研究对象,分别测定叶片鲜重(FW)、干重(DW)、干物质含量(LDMC)、面积(LA)和比叶面积(SLA),比较不同生活型(一二年生草本、多年生草本、灌木)和功能型(C₃、C₄植物)的叶片性状的差异性,探讨沙地植物叶片性状相互之间的内在联系及其对环境的适应性。结果表明:一二年生草本的LDMC(0.23 g·g^-1)显著小于多年生草本(0.31 g·g^-1)和灌木(0.32 g·g^-1);而一二年生草本的SLA(22.14 m²·kg^-1)显著大于多年生草本(17.18 m²·kg^-1)和灌木(13.41 m²·kg^-1)。一二年生和多年生C₄植物的LDMC显著大于C₃植物;多年生C₄植物SLA显著大于C₃植物;C₃植物的LDMC表现为一二年生草本<多年生<灌木。沙地植物的叶鲜重、叶干重和叶面积三者间极显著正相关,植物叶干重与SLA显著负相关;C₄植物和多年生植物叶干重与SLA显著负相关。沙地不同生活型、功能型植物叶片的功能性状差异明显,沙地灌木和多年生植物能够较强的适应干旱环境,一二年生草本则具有较强的保持体内营养和获取土壤资源的能力。     

三江平原12种湿地植物光合特性与叶功能性状的关系研究

采用野外气体交换测量和实验室分析等方法,对三江平原湿地12种优势草本植物的光合生理指标、植物叶功能性状指标及其关系进行了研究.结果表明,12种草本植物的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶绿素含量、比叶面积、叶干物质含量等指标,在不同植物科、种间表现出了一定的差异性;12种植物中,有10种植物的植物气孔导度介于0.15～0.40 mol/(m2·s)之间;胞间CO2含量在植物间的变异相对比较平缓(250μmol/mol左右);燕子花(Iris laevigata)的叶绿素含量最大,毛苔草(Carex lasiocapa)的最小,前者的叶绿素含量是后者的24.4倍;12种植物中,有9种植物叶片氮含量介于1.5～2.0 mg/g之间.Pearson相关和线性回归分析表明,12种植物叶片的平均比叶面积值与其相应的平均氮含量有显著正相关关系(R2=0.73,p<0.01),平均含水量与其相应的平均叶绿素含量、平均比叶面积也呈显著正相关关系(前者R2=0.615,p<0.05;后者R2=0.664,p<0.05).同时,12种植物的叶功能性状指标与光合生理指标关系密切,最大光合速率与其相应的单位干质量水平上的平均叶片氮含量、平均比叶面积之间存在着显著的正相关关系(前者R2=0.571,p<0.05;后者R2=0.861,p<0.01).     

不同品系条斑紫菜光合效率比较研究

用叶绿素荧光仪测试了7个品系紫菜叶状体在不同光照和温度条件下的光合效率,分析了受强光抑制后光合效率恢复的情况,并测试了这些品系的光合色素含量。结果显示,随着光照强度从20μmol.m-2.s-1提高到1 200μmol.m-2.s-1,总的趋势是光合效率逐渐降低,但下降幅度在不同品系间又有差异:相比20μmol.m-2.s-1光照下条件下光合效率,Yjs在1 200μmol.m-2.s-1时的光合效率下降了27%,Yw下降了33%,Gm下降了53%,Yqd下降了50%。在120μmol.m-2.s-1光照条件,5~20℃实验范围内,15~20℃条件下光合效率最高,除Yh2和Wjs,其它品系叶状体均在15℃达到顶峰,Yh2和Wjs则在20℃达到顶峰。在受到高光抑制(200μmol.m-2.s-1)后,处于光照60μmol.m-2.s-1,温度12℃条件下紫菜光合效率可在30~60 min内恢复。未发现光合色素含量与光合效率的相关性。文章还对紫菜光合效率与生态条件的关系进行了分析和讨论。     

厦门港海水光合色素特征

应用反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）方法分析测定了冬季厦门鼓浪屿水文观测站两周内不同潮位海水中的光合色素的组成与含量，包括多甲藻素、19‘-已酰基氧化岩藻黄素、硅甲藻黄素、硅藻黄素、玉米黄素、叶绿素a、脱镁叶绿素a、β-胡萝卜素等。同时还实测了小于藻、金藻、盐藻、甲藻、角毛藻、螺旋藻等多个实验室培养藻种的色素组成。数据表明，不同种类的藻类具有不同的色素组成特征，从海水中光合色素的分析数据可推测其浮游植物主要种类组成情况。潮汐的水动力情况在色素组成变化上有所反映，表明港内外的乳游植物组成分布有梯度存在，且在特征上有所不同。     

应用快速光曲线方法研究两株海洋超微型真核藻光合特性的差异

超微型浮游植物是海洋中重要的初级生产者,浮游植物吸收的光一部分用于光合作用,另一部分以荧光或热的形式耗散.本文利用调制叶绿素荧光仪（Pulse-Amplitude-Modulation,PAM）测定2株海洋超微型真核藻：细小微胞藻（Micromonas pusilla）和梨形脂金藻（Pinguiochrysis pyriformis）在不同光强下的叶绿素荧光和快速光曲线.结果表明细小微胞藻和梨形脂金藻在不同光强下的光系统II（PS II）的最大光量子产量（Fv/Fm）分别为0.572-0.634和0.624-0.426;最大相对电子传递速率（rETRmax）分别为61.58-163.56和76.69-143.17μmol/m2·s-1;半饱和光强（Ik）分别为212.37-946.00和307.44-671.28μmol·m-2·s-1;光能利用效率（α）分别为0.29-0.17和0.25-0.21.细小微胞藻和梨形脂金藻分别属于高光型和低光型的超微型浮游植物,光照条件会显著影响超微型浮游植物的光合特性,但不同类型的超微型浮游植物的光合特性对光的响应存在差异.     

Community structure of picoplankton abundance and biomass in the southern Huanghai Sea during the spring and autumn of 2006

During spring and autumn of 2006,the investigations on abundance,carbon biomass and distribution of picoplankton were carried out in the southern Huanghai Sea(Yellow Sea,sHS) . Three groups of picoplankton-Synechococcus(Syn) ,Picoeukaryotes(PEuk) and heterotrophic bacteria(BAC) were identified,but Prochlorococcus(Pro) was undetected. The average abundance of Syn and PEuk was lower in spring(5.0 and 1.3 × 10 3 cells/cm 3,respectively) than in autumn(92.4 and 2.7 × 10 3 cells/cm 3,respectively) ,but it was opposite for BAC(1.3 and 0.7 × 10 6 cells/cm 3 in spring and autumn,respectively) . And the total carbon biomass of picoplankton was higher in spring(37.23 ± 11.67) mg/m 3 than in autumn(21.29 ± 13.75) mg/m 3 . The ratios of the three cell abundance were 5:1:1 341 and 30:1:124 in spring and autumn,respectively. And the ratios of carbon biomass of them were 5:7:362 and 9:4:4 in spring and autumn,respectively. Seasonal distribution characteristics of Syn,PEuk,BAC were quite different from each other. In spring,Syn abundance decreased in turn in the central waters(where phytoplankton bloom in spring occurred) ,the southern waters and inshore waters of the Shandong Peninsula(where even Syn was undetected) ;the high values of PEuk abundance appeared in the central and southern waters and the inshore of the Shandong Peninsula;the abundance of BAC was nearly three order of magnitude higher than that of photosynthetic picoplankton,and high values appeared in the central waters. In autumn,Syn abundance in central waters was higher than that in surrounding waters,while for PEuk abundance,it decreased in turn in the inshore waters of the Shandong Peninsula,the southern waters and the central waters;BAC presented a complicated blocky type distribution. Sub-surface maximum of each group of picopalnkton appeared in both spring and autumn. Compared with the available literatures concerning the studied area,the range of Syn abundance was larger,and the abundance of BAC was higher. In addition,the conversion factors for calculating picoplanktonic carbon biomass were discussed,with the conversion factors which are different from previous studies in the same surveyed waters. The result of regression analysis showed that there was distinct positive correlation between BAC and photosynthetic picoplankton in spring(r=0.61,P 0.001) ,but no correlation was found in autumn.     

Summer phytoplankton pigments and community composition related to water mass properties in the Gulf of Gabes

Variations in phytoplankton pigments and community composition were examined in the Gulf of Gabes in relationship to water mass properties, characterised by the influence of the Modified Atlantic Water and by the thermal stratification. Data were collected on board the R/V Hannibal during July 2005.Distinct water masses were identified using cluster analysis of temperature–salinity (T–S) characteristics. Three major clusters appeared based on the combined effects of temperature and salinity. The first cluster was identified as the cool and less salty bottom Modified Atlantic Water (MAW). The warmer and saltier Mediterranean Mixed Water (MMW) represented the second cluster. The third cluster was the Transition Water (TW) separating the two previous clusters.The pigment and taxonomic composition of these water masses were examined. Chlorophyll a was rather low (<200 ng l⁻¹). Chlorophyll b was generally the most abundant accessory pigment and fucoxanthin dominated the accessory pigments in the MAW. Proportions of chlorophyll a associated with different phytoplankton classes were estimated using CHEMTAX software, and did not present significant variations among water groups. The results pointed out variations in the relative contribution of each phytoplankton taxa in each station group. Chlorophytes and prasinophytes accounted for 65% of chlorophyll a in the MMW. Diatoms and chlorophytes were relatively abundant in the MAW contributing to almost 63% of chlorophyll a. An unstructured community, slightly dominated by prasinophytes, chlorophytes and cryptophytes, characterised the TW. Different trophic statuses were observed in these water masses, the MMW and the MAW being characterised by mesotrophy, while an oligotrophy was observed in the TW. Nutrient availability, particularly the P-limitation supported by the summer stratification, as revealed by the high N:P ratio (greater than 20), seems to enhance the development of small-sized phytoplankton, thereby supporting the regenerated production.