生物膜“细菌-藻类”协同系统改良淡水池塘养殖水质与沉积物的效果研究

采用池塘中设置生物膜净水栅对比实验的方法,在8口土池开展生物膜"细菌-藻类"协同系统改良池塘养殖水质与沉积物的效果、对苗种培育效果的影响及其相关机理等的研究。结果表明,在142d的养殖期间,处理组比对照组节水减排达65.1%,具有极显著差异(P0.01);处理组水质的p H、总氮和亚硝酸盐氮分别极显著低于对照组3.7%、31.3%和38.7%(P0.01),氨氮、总磷、活性磷和硫化物分别显著低于对照组25.6%、41.6%、37.8%和27.9%(P0.05);弧菌数和藻类密度极显著低于对照组63.1%和51.3%,硅藻相对密度极显著高于对照组93.7%;细菌总数显著高于对照组50.8%,蓝藻相对密度显著低于对照组16.6%;处理组的藻类生物均匀度指数显著高于对照组8.9%;生物膜上的细菌总数高达1.30×109 CFU/g,而弧菌数为零;处理组池塘沉积物的氧化还原电位显著高于对照组30.5%,硫化物浓度显著低于对照组47.0%;草鱼苗种起捕规格、成活率、产量和生长速度分别显著高于对照组24.6%、4.3%、29.8%和28.6%,饲料系数极显著低于对照组15.6%,处理组每公顷池塘培育草鱼大规格鱼种可增加净利润约1.92万元。     

Introduction,preliminary handling,and diseases of grass carp in New Zealand

Fry of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.), were air‐freighted from Hong Kong to New Zealand in October 1971. The fish were at first kept in tanks with a recirculating water supply, where they soon showed symptoms of parasitic infestation and suffered heavy mortality.

Attempts were made to remove parasites with chemotherapeutic treatment. Tripartiella sp., Dactylogyrus ctenopharyngodonis, and Gyrodactylus clenopharyngodontis were eliminated by prolonged bathing of the infected fish with quinine. Chemical treatment failed to eliminate Ichthyophthirius mullifiliis from the body surface and the gills, but the rate of spontaneous recovery of the fish from this disease was accelerated by keeping them in clean, running water. Experiments to remove the cestode Bothriocephalus gowkongensis from the intestine of the fish with tetravalent tin compounds and to control the intermediate host (Cyclops) in the water resulted in the eradiction of the cestode.

When parasitic infestations had been brought under control the fish were transferred to outdoor ponds, where they began to feed on aquatic and terrestrial vegetation and rapidly increased in size.     

孑遗植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)异地保护条件下的气候生物学特征与光合效率

为了廓清异地保护条件下孑遗濒危植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)的气候生物学特征、光合生理生态适应性及生境适宜性,应用1971—2011年的地面气象资料进行了不同试验区的气候生物图解与分析,测定了四合木及其伴生种白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)的叶片气体交换参数及光合效率。结果表明:①四合木自然分布区(内蒙古乌海地区)与异地保护区的气候生物学特征存在明显分异;②当年种植的四合木实生苗的生长量大小依次为:乌海四合木核心区实生苗鄂尔多斯实生苗阿拉善实生苗;③自然条件下,5个处理的净光合速率(Pn)依次为阿拉善移植的四合木成株(24.05±1.68μmol·m-2·s-1)乌海客土栽培的四合木(19.97±1.05μmol·m-2·s-1)乌海栽培的四合木实生苗(18.96±1.04μmol·m-2·s-1)鄂尔多斯栽培的四合木实生苗(16.64±0.92μmol·m-2·s-1)阿拉善栽培的四合木实生苗(16.48±0.13μmol·m-2·s-1);异地保护试验区栽培的四合木实生苗的Pn没有明显差异(p≥0.05),即原生境条件下栽培的四合木实生苗的Pn较高。同时,异地保护栽培四合木实生苗中,鄂尔多斯栽培的四合木实生苗的Pn阿拉善栽培的四合木实生苗。从四合木光合作用特征中的Pn、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度、气候生物学特征和生长量等综合研究结果可以推断,从原生境区东移的实生苗迁地保护,使四合木具有更高的生理生态适宜性和环境适应性。     

移植操作胁迫对天鹅湖大叶藻存活、生长及光合色素含量的影响

2009年4月利用植株枚订移植法在山东荣成天鹅湖海域开展大叶藻植株移植,于5~10月监测移植大叶藻植株的存活率,并逐月采集自然和移植大叶藻植株,比较了植株生长、叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量的变化,分析了移植操作胁迫对大叶藻存活、生长、叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量的影响。结果显示,移植后1~2个月,移植植株的平均成活率较高,至移植后4个月,平均成活率降至57.8%,之后保持稳定。移植后6个月内,叶长移植植株均极显著低于自然植株;根长和茎节长在移植后1个月时移植植株显著低于自然植株,移植2个月后与自然植株无明显差异,甚至显著高于自然植株;叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量在移植后1个月时移植植株显著低于自然植株,移植2个月后则与天然植株无明显不同,甚至显著高于自然植株,但10月份移植植株的叶绿素含量明显下降。结果表明,移植操作对大叶藻植株的地上部分产生了严重的胁迫作用和较长的胁迫时间,而移植植株的地下部分及叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素在经过短期胁迫后,能够通过自身的补偿机制分别实现快速生长和显著增加,从而利于植株的扎根、固着和提高植株的光合作用能力。     

胶州湾冬季浮游植物光合作用特征原位研究

目前关于中国近海浮游植物光合作用特征的研究较少,尤其是海洋浮游藻类冬季光合生理生态方面的研究少见报道。本实验利用浮游植物荧光仪Phyto-PAM测量了胶州湾浮游植物最大光化学量子产量、快速光曲线、光化学淬灭以及非光化学淬灭,通过显微镜镜检获得浮游植物群落结构组成与丰度结果,结合相应的环境因子,对胶州湾冬季浮游植物进行了原位光合作用特征研究。结果表明:调查期间胶州湾浮游植物具有较高的光合活性与潜力,最大光化学量子产量保持在0.69左右,光能利用效率大部分处于0.2—0.3之间,快速光曲线十分典型,当光强超过1000μmol/(s·m2)后依然能保持较好的光合活性,光化学淬灭值较高;当光强超过1500μmol/(s·m2)后,相对电子传递速率开始下降,实际光量子收益达到最低,非光化学淬灭升高,此时海洋浮游植物将光合机构吸收的过量光能以热能的形式耗散掉,有效地保护了胶州湾浮游植物的光合器官不因高光强的照射而受到损伤。冬季大部分时期胶州湾浮游植物丰度极低,但是湾内浮游植物具有较强的光合活性,加上相对稳定的水文、生物等环境以及较丰富的营养盐和相对有利的营养盐结构,是推动冬季浮游植物高峰期出现的关键生理生态因素。     

中国北部黄海近岸水体周丛硅藻的群落群集动态特征的研究

The colonization features of periphytic diatoms were studied in coastal waters of the Yellow Sea, northern China from May to June 2010, using glass slides as an artificial substratum. Samples were collected at a time interval of 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 d from two depths of 1 and 3 m. The dynamics of diatom colonization process had a similar pattern in community structure and fitted the logistic model in growth curve at both depths. The maximum abundance and the time for reaching 50% maximum abundance （10 d） showed no significant differences （P〉0.05） between two depths 1 and 3 m. Although the diatom communities repre- sented similar taxonomic composition, they differed in the temporal pattern of structural parameters and in succession dynamics of dominant species between the two layers. The species richness showed significantly higher values during the colonization period more than 14 d, while the species diversity and evenness rep- resented a higher variability with significantly different values （P〈0.05） at a depth of 1 m than at a deeper layer. The results suggest that the diatom colonization follows the logistic model growth curve and differs in colonization features between different depths in the coastal waters, and that the sampling strategy at i m is more effective to detect the ecological features for bioassessment in marine ecosystems.     

不同土壤水分对向日葵光合光响应的影响

以食用向日葵为试验材料,大田试验采取人为控制土壤水分在胁迫、适宜和过湿 (土壤田间持水量的40%~54.9%,55%~69.9%和70%~90%) 条件下,研究了向日葵3个生育期 (二对真叶—花序形成期、花序形成—开花期、开花—成熟期) 的光合光响应特性。结果表明:在试验设置光强条件下,各生育期净光合速率随着光合有效辐射的增加而增加,同等的光合有效辐射下净光合速率也随着土壤水分的减少依次降低,尤其是随着光合有效辐射的增大愈加明显。土壤湿度对最大净光合速率和表观量子效率的影响并不是同步的,最大净光合速率随着土壤湿度的增加而增大,而表观量子效率在一定程度的水分胁迫情况下出现最大值。不同的土壤水分含量对光补偿点和光饱和点影响不同,光饱和点随着土壤水分的增加而增加,光补偿点却相反,表明水分胁迫使向日葵可利用光的范围缩小,而适宜水分则扩大了光的利用范围,更有利于干物质积累。暗呼吸速率随着植物的生长进程逐渐降低,不同生育期的水分胁迫均导致暗呼吸速率降低。     

Changes in the critical erosion velocity for sediment colonized by biofilm

In flowing water the incipient motion of sediment can be affected by the presence of microbial biofilm growth. This article documents a series of flume experiments using non‐uniform sediments, in which sediment entrainment was investigated for cases where the sediment was immersed in deionized water, so that no biofilm developed, and for cases where a bio‐sediment was cultivated by placing the sediment in a mixture of natural water and nutrient solution. Differences in entrainment and the velocity at incipient motion were measured over an eight week period, as biofilm grew. It was found that the incipient motion phenomena were quite distinct between the two kinds of sediment. Sediment with biofilm was more stable and, over time, incipient velocity increased to a threshold level, before declining. Biofilm development is clearly an important control on the stability of sediments, especially in eutrophic water bodies. Two incipient velocity formulas were derived for sliding and rolling conditions. Film water theory was utilized to describe the cohesive force between sediment particles and the adhesive force generated by biofilm was introduced into the formula derivation; the time variation characteristics of biofilm strength and the features of the substrate were also taken into consideration. Such analyses can help to predict sediment transport changes due to biofilm presence in nutrient‐rich water bodies.     

阶段性干旱胁迫对小麦光合生理特性及产量结构的影响

在人工遮雨的条件下,采用盆栽的种植方式探究"皖麦68"营养生长期(返青期—开花期)及生殖生长期(开花期—成熟期)轻度干旱胁迫(土壤相对含水量为55%±5%)及复水(土壤相对含水量为70%±5%)对其光合生理特性及产量结构的影响。结果表明:返青期至成熟期充分供水(CK)的小麦旗叶光合参数和产量最高。开花至成熟期复水(DN)的小麦叶片在复水后光合能力迅速恢复,表现出了超补偿效应:光合速率(16.43μmol/(m~2·s))甚至超过了CK(15.01μmol/(m~2·s));采用非直角双曲线模型拟合小麦旗叶的光响应曲线,其中DN的曲角θ最大;DN产量较CK略有降低但千粒重为34.51 g,高于CK(34.44 g)。开花至成熟期轻度干旱(ND)及全生育期轻度干旱(DD)的小麦光合特征参数与产量均显著降低。DD产量最低、品质最差,但其收获指数I_H高于CK、仅次于DN。在小麦返青期—开花期进行水分管理适量减少灌溉,开花期—成熟期复水能够提升籽粒的干物质积累量,获得较高的产量及品质。     

相对湿度对黄瓜叶片光合特性的影响

以黄瓜“津优1号”为试材,于2011年4月在南京信息工程大学进行人工环境控制试验,设计8个相对湿度梯度,用LI 6400进行光合参数的测定,系统研究不同相对湿度处理对黄瓜叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明：黄瓜叶片的净光合速率和胞间CO2浓度随着相对湿度的减小而降低;气孔导度、蒸腾速率和叶片的水分利用效率在相对湿度为75%时达到最大;而气孔限制值在相对湿度为75%时降到最低;黄瓜叶片最大光合作用速率（Pmax）与空气相对湿度呈指数关系：Pmax=22375e189085fRH;随空气相对湿度的减小,黄瓜叶片的表观量子效率、光饱和点均降低,而光补偿点增加;相关分析表明,净光合速率与叶面水汽压差呈负相关,而与气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、相对湿度、蒸腾速率均呈正相关,且相关性均达到极显著水平。