重庆金佛山表层岩溶生态系统土壤的CO2释放规律

采用碱溶液吸收法通过对重庆金佛山林地、裸地表层岩溶生态系统土壤CO2释放量进行野外监测,研究了影响土壤CO2释放量变化的主要因素,揭示土壤CO2释放变化规律。土壤CO2释放量的变化主要随着温度而变化,即气温降低,土壤CO2释放量减少,在昼夜时段,土壤CO2也随温度而变化,但相比温度变化有明显滞后性;降雨对土壤CO2释放有比较复杂的影响,但非简单的线性相关;同时植被也会影响到土壤CO2的释放,总体上,相比裸地而言,林地的土壤CO2的释放量大,但在不同时间段内土壤CO2释放强度与气温的关系有较大差异。一天时间段内林地土壤CO2释放强度与温度的关系较裸地灵敏,这是因为林地本身生物量大,对温度反应敏感,温度很小的变化就能引发土壤CO2释放量的大幅度地改变。而在以月为单位观测时间段时,裸地土壤CO2释放强度与气温的关系较林地灵敏,这可能是因为植被覆盖减缓气温对土温的影响,对土温有较强的调节作用。这种不同植被系统下,在不同时段土壤的CO2释放量动态差异在讨论岩溶作用与碳循环时应充分注意。     

Vertical variation of phosphorus forms in surface sediments from Wuli Bay, Taihu Lake, China

1IntroductionPhosphorus,an essential nutrient for the primaryproductivity in freshwater systems,is an important fac-tor controlling lacustrine eutrophication.Although ex-ternal input of phosphorus has been assumed as the vi-tal responsibility for the eutrophication of lakes(ZhuJun et al.,2005),the remobilization of phosphorus insediments has a distinct influence on it as well(Bostr m et al.,1982).The concentrations of totalphosphorus(Ptotal)in the sediments are often related tothe trophic st…     

水库现代沉积过程沉积磷的早期成岩作用模型研究

在沉积磷形态分析、孔隙水化学、核素计年以及吸附解吸实验等的基础上,运用一维“反应-平流-扩散”模型,研究了红枫湖现代沉积过程中磷的沉积改造。结果表明:红枫湖现代沉积过程中,有机态磷的矿化分解和铁结合态磷的络合/溶解,是控制沉积物磷迁移转化动力学的主要机制。沉积物-水界面附近有机磷的快速降解,可能克服沉积界面上铁氧化物对溶解磷的吸附缓冲,而形成向水体的磷酸盐迁移通量;自生磷灰石的沉积改造相对不明显,沉积磷向稳定形态含磷矿物(钙氟磷灰石)的转化过程同样不能影响红枫湖现代沉积过程中磷转化的质量平衡。     

无机盐改性对沸石覆盖技术控制底泥氮磷释放的影响研究

通过试验,考察了无机盐改性对沸石覆盖控制底泥氮磷释放效果的影响,并对沸石覆盖技术控制底泥氮磷释放的机理进行初步探讨,结果表明:①NaCl及CaCl2改性对沸石吸附氨氮的性能影响不大;CaCl2改性可以提高沸石Ca2 的交换量而降低Na 的交换量,NaCl改性则可以明显降低Ca2 的交换量和增加Na 的交换量.②NaCl及CaCl2改性对沸石覆盖技术控制底泥氨氮的释放影响不大,而对控制底泥磷的释放则影响较大,沸石覆盖控制底泥磷释放效率从大到小依次为CaCl2改性沸石＞天然沸石＞NaCl改性沸石.③沸石覆盖技术控制底泥氨氮释放的机理为沸石的物理吸附和阳离子交换作用,控制底泥磷释放的机理包括沸石的机械阻挡作用和沸石与铵所交换出来的Ca2 对磷酸盐的固定作用.     

Capturing temporal variability for estimates of annual hydrochemical export from a first‐order agricultural catchment in southern Ontario,Canada

This 2‐year study (2000, 2001) reports annual nutrient (phosphorus, nitrate) export from a first‐order agricultural watershed in southern Ontario based on an intensive monitoring programme. The importance of storm and melt events in annual export estimates is demonstrated and the temporal variability in nutrient loading during events is related to processes occurring within the catchment. The feasibility of predicting event‐related nutrient export from hydrometric data is explored. The importance of sampling frequency throughout events is also shown. Export of total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and nitrate ( ) for 2000 and 2001 averaged 0·35 kg ha^?1 year^?1, 0·09 kg ha^?1 year^?1, and 35 kg ha^?1 year^?1 (as N) respectively. Approximately 75% of annual TP export, 80% of annual SRP export and 70% of annual export occurred during 28 events per year. A small number of large‐magnitude events (>34 mm) accounted for 18–42% of annual TP export, 0–61% of annual SRP export and 13–33% of annual NO export. Our results show that temporal variability in nutrient export is largely governed by discharge in this basin, and export can be predicted from discharge. SRP and TP export can also be predicted from discharge, but only for events that are not large in magnitude. The sampling interval throughout events is important in obtaining precise estimates of nutrient export, as infrequent sampling intervals may over‐ or under‐estimate nutrient export by ± 45% per event for P. This study improves our understanding of and P export patterns and our ability to predict or model them by relating temporal variability in event nutrient export to discharge and processes occurring within the basin, and also by exploring the significance of sampling interval in the context of the importance of individual events, season and temporal variability during events. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Microcosm experiments on the effect of nutrient enrichment and a soil layer on the development of freshwater plankton

We investigated the response of phytoplankton and zooplankton to experimental alteration of nitrate and phosphate levels in outdoor enclosures. Experiments were conducted in summer and winter and in the absence and presence of a layer of soil. The tubs (12 in all) except the two plain water controls were manured initially with a mixture of fresh cowdung (50g 1⁻¹), mustard oil cake (25 g l⁻¹) and poultry wastes (25 g l⁻¹; mostly excreta), prior to enrichment. Water samples were collected from the experimental tubs twice a week to measure selected physico-chemical and biological variables. Water temperature in the summer experiments ranged from 20–30 °C and during the winter experiments from 11–15 °C. The pH values ranged from 8.0 to 9.5 and the dissolved oxygen levels from 8.2–10.0 mg l⁻¹. The levels of soluble reactive phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen ranged from undetectable levels to 1800 μg l⁻¹ and 6000 μg l⁻¹, respectively. The increase in chlorophyll-a following enrichment was rapid (3–7 days) during summer, but slower in winter (7–14 days). The predominant phytoplankton species observed in the tubs belong to the genera Sphaerocystis, Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Cosmarium, Ulothrix, Zygnema, Gonium and Pandorina. The rotifer species observed were Brachionus calyciflorus, Rotaria neptunia, Lecane bulla, L. luna, L. unguitata, Euchlanis dilatata, Asplanchna intermedia, Pseudoharringia spp., Eosphora spp., Lepadella ovalis, Epiphanes brachionus, Hexarthra mira and Cephalodella gibba. The cladocerans observed were Macrothrix spp. and Alona spp.     

太湖水体的总磷分布及湖流对其影响的数值研究

用数值模拟的方法研究了太湖水体中ＴＰ分布特征及湖流对其影响,推导,建立了包括平流,水平扩散,沉降和底泥释放的浅水湖泊中污染物浓度分布计算的二维迎风有限元数值模式,并在给定若干点源条件下计算各种稳态流场下太湖水体中的ＴＰ分布。     

滆湖磷迁移过程的研究(一)——磷迁移模型的建立

通过滆湖磷的来源途径(入湖河道、湖区径流、湖面沉降、养殖技饵、底泥释放)和湖体各要素(水体、浮游植物、大型水生植物、鱼类等)中磷迁移过程调查资料的分析,建立了描述磷在上述各要素中迁移过程的数学模型.经实测资料验证,模型的计算值与实测值的平均相对误差在9.9%-18.6%.基本反映了磷的迁移过程及动态变化规律,对该湖磷浓度预测及磷资源合理利用具有重要的意义.     

水丝蚓(Tubificid worms)扰动对磷在湖泊沉积物-水界面迁移的影响

为探讨水丝蚓(Tubificid worms)扰动对磷在湖泊沉积物-水界面间迁移的影响,选取太湖梅梁湾与大浦口两富营养化湖区为研究对象,通过室内培养实验,利用Rhizon间隙水采样器等技术,研究了水丝蚓扰动对太湖沉积物-水界面理化性质及溶解活性磷(SRP)在界面通量的影响.结果表明水丝蚓扰动能够增大表层沉积物含水率、氧化还原电位,减小间隙水中Fe2+浓度.水丝蚓没有显著改变梅梁湾间隙水中SRP浓度,同时促进了梅梁湾沉积物中SRP向上覆水的释放;但水丝蚓显著减小了大浦口间隙水中SRP浓度,并抑制了大浦口沉积物中SRP向上覆水的释放.水丝蚓扰动对磷在沉积物-水界面间迁移的不同影响可能是由沉积物中Fe2+含量差异较大造成的.     

铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻对不同形态有机磷的利用及其生长

本研究探索了铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)在单藻批式培养条件下对三种不同形态的可溶性有机磷化合物:1-磷酸-葡萄糖,环磷酸腺苷(c-AMP)和三磷酸腺苷(ATP)的利用及其生长.结果表明铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻能够利用这三种有机磷源进行生长.铜绿微囊藻对三种不同形态有机磷源的利用效率由高到低依次是:1-磷酸-葡萄糖,ATP和c-AMP,尤其是对磷酸单酯类磷源——1-磷酸-葡萄糖有极高的利用效率,在该磷源培养条件下微囊藻最大藻浓度能达到正磷酸盐培养条件下的最大藻浓度.小球藻对1-磷酸-葡萄糖和ATP的利用率略高于c-AMP.总体上铜绿微囊藻对这三种有机磷源的利用能力要高于小球藻.碱性磷酸酶与藻利用有机磷的能力有重要的关系,藻对有机磷的利用能力随着胞内酶活的增加而增强.随着富营养化程度的加剧,水体中可溶性有机磷在总磷中的比例也不断升高,铜绿微囊藻对可溶性有机磷的较强利用能力,可能促使其成为富营养化水体中优势种的原因之一.