引水等综合整治后杭州西湖氮、磷营养盐时空变化(1985—2013年)

经引水等综合整治后,西湖外湖、西里湖总磷(TP)浓度累计下降58%和78%,总氮(TN)浓度累计下降16.7%和7.7%,透明度提高100%~200%,富营养状态得到极大缓解.比较1986年治理前,西湖各湖区因来水、引水和排水格局差异较大,TP浓度的年内变化特点及驱动因素也存在较大差异:杨公堤以西的上游湖区因优质水源补充TP浓度总体较低,同时受流域降雨径流面源输入影响,呈现时段性升高;杨公堤和苏堤之间的中游湖区优质水源补充量最大,湖区水体更新最快,TP浓度最低且变化相对最为稳定;苏堤以东的外湖区水体更新相对最慢,在夏、秋高温季节因底泥污染释放,TP浓度出现峰值.因外来引水量大且未经脱氮处理,西湖各湖区TN年内变化基本与钱塘江取水口TN浓度变化一致,同时因流域降雨径流面源输入而出现时段性波动.基于TP质量平衡模型分析,各湖区水质空间差异主要受水体年交换次数影响,其次受单位水体的年污染负荷影响.     

沉积物理化性质与沉水植物鲜重、多样性指数及种的饱和度相关性

在沉水植物的生活史中,沉积物提供植物固着基质和所需的大量营养元素,对沉水植物的兴衰有长期且深远的影响.对太湖沉积物理化性质与沉水植物生物量、种的饱和度和物种多样性之间的相关关系进行研究.数据的典型相关分析表明,两组数据的第一典型相关系数为0.795,达到显著水平.最后的典型变量冗余分析显示,沉水植物指标形成的第一典型分量能解释沉积物指标变化的26.75%.但是,沉水植物指标的变化中的56.52%不能被沉积物的第一典型分量解释.沉水植物的第一典型变量对沉积物氮磷比有一定预测能力(多重相关的平方0.5258),而对含水率几乎没有预测能力(0.0280).来自沉积物的第一典型变量对沉水植物的鲜重(0.7503)、香农-威纳指数(0.4841)和种的饱和度(0.4613)都有一定预测能力.中层沉积物(5-10cm)和底层沉积物(10-15cm)理化性质与沉水植物的相关指标分析结果显示,数据之间相关性不显著.表明中下层沉积物对沉水植物影响不明显.     

金沙江下游梯级水库对氮、磷营养盐的滞留效应

氮、磷是水域重要的营养或污染物质,大型水库修建将对江河氮、磷物质的输运产生重要影响.以金沙江华弹、向家坝水文站2006-2016年实测水质资料为依据,通过建立污染物浓度与流量比值（TN/Q、TP/Q）与含沙量（S）的关系式,对金沙江下游溪洛渡、向家坝梯级水库蓄水前后进出库总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）浓度及通量的变化特征进行研究.结果表明：（1）华弹站不受蓄水影响,TN和TP浓度在0.38~1.41和0.01~0.73 mg/L之间变化,向家坝站蓄水前TN和TP浓度在0.32~1.33和0.03~0.42 mg/L之间变化,蓄水后在0.35~1.29和0.01~0.05 mg/L之间变化,蓄水后TN浓度较蓄水前略有升高,但TP浓度较蓄水前约降低75%;（2）蓄水前华弹站TN浓度与向家坝站基本接近,TP浓度总体低于向家坝站,蓄水后华弹站TN浓度低于向家坝站,TP浓度明显高于向家坝站;（3）金沙江TN以硝态氮（NO₃^--N）为主,占TN浓度的67.3%~91.8%;（4）两站的TN浓度随流量和含沙量变化较小,TP浓度与流量和含沙量均呈正相关关系;（5）华弹站TN、TP年通量在48357~135827和4720~14163 t之间变化,年均值分别为90337和8932 t,向家坝站蓄水前后TN年通量在64232~130966和71675~149647 t之间变化,蓄水后通量总体高于蓄水前,TP年通量在8851~18624和3131~7300 t之间变化,蓄水后通量远低于蓄水前;（6）水库蓄水对出库TN浓度与通量无明显影响,但TP浓度与通量较蓄水前明显降低,其中通量年均滞留率约为67.0%.     

利用市政污水厂尾水培养产油微藻——营养盐去除与生物质生产

将1株产油淡水微藻——微拟球藻(Nannochloropsis sp.MASCC 11)分别接种到青岛市2家市政污水处理厂(STP)的尾水中,根据其生长、油脂产率和营养盐去除情况,评价了利用STP尾水培养微藻以生产富油的藻生物质同时深度净化尾水的可行性。结果表明,团岛污水处理厂(TD-STP)和李村河污水处理厂(LC-STP)尾水中无机氮和磷酸盐的浓度虽然远低于BG11培养基,但仍能支持微藻生长,而且以未经稀释的尾水更具优势,培养8 d后,藻生物量分别达到BG11培养基中生长微藻的65.23%和44.77%。STP尾水经稀释后处于营养盐缺乏状态,有利于藻细胞内脂质积累,但是油脂产率最大值(10.5 mg·L^-1·d^-1)仍出现在未经稀释的TD-STP尾水中,为未稀释LC-STP尾水的1.37倍。LC-STP尾水中微藻的油脂产率较低,可能与该处理厂接纳工业废水而在尾水中残留较多有害物质有关。在微藻的直接和间接作用下,TD-STP和LC-STP尾水中磷酸盐的去除率分别达到94.5%和100%;无机氮的去除率较低(分别为59.2%和45.4%),与尾水中初始N/P较高有关。上述结果表明,与接纳工业废水的污水厂相比,处理生活污水的污水厂所排尾水较适于培养产油微藻,能够实现产油微藻低耗培养与尾水深度净化相耦合。     

氮素和水分添加对贝加尔针茅草原土壤氨氧化微生物群落结构的影响（英文）

应用PCR-DGGE技术研究了连续2年氮素、水分添加处理对贝加尔针茅草原土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)16S r RNA基因和古菌(AOA)amo A基因遗传多样性的影响。结果表明,土壤硝化势在水分添加低氮(N30)和非水分添加高氮(N300)处理下较对照显著升高(P0.05),在水分添加高氮(N200、N300)处理下较对照急剧下降(P0.05)。不同处理下氨氧化细菌的群落结构变化较氨氧化古菌敏感,氮素添加显著改变了氨氧化微生物的群落结构,在高氮素处理下,氨氧化细菌的多样性指数有下降的趋势,而古菌的多样性则有升高的趋势,表明氨氧化古菌在高氮素下生长比较活跃。发育树分析的结果表明,非水分添加处理下,氨氧化细菌的群落由亚硝化螺菌属的Cluster 1、Cluster 3和Cluster 4组成,水分添加处理下由亚硝化螺菌属Cluster 3、Cluster 4和亚硝化单胞菌属的Cluster 6组成,而氨氧化古菌群落在水分添加处理下主要由泉古菌门的Cluster 1、Cluster 2和water lineage组成,在非水分添加处理下主要由泉古菌门的Cluster 1、Cluster 2和Cluster 5组成,两种水分输入机制下,氨氧化微生物群落的不同组成说明,水分在调节氨氧化微生物群落结构方面有重要作用。此外,氨氧化细菌群落多样性与全氮,NH4+和NO3-的含量呈显著负相关,而古菌群落与其呈显著正相关,说明氨氧化细菌与古菌对氮素和水分添加有不同的且互补的反应机制。     

贵州红枫湖沉积物生物可利用磷分布特征及其与粒径的关系

应用化学提取法分析了红枫湖主要出入湖河口及湖心沉积物生物可利用磷(BAP)的含量,并探讨了BAP空间分布与总磷(TP)和粒度组成之间的关系.研究结果表明,各形态BAP含量顺序为:藻类可利用磷(AAP)NaHCO3可提取磷(Olsen-P)水溶性磷(WSP)易解吸磷(RDP).沉积物柱芯中BAP迅速降低,剖面变化比TP更为明显.各形态BAP与TP显著相关,除RDP与AAP外,其它形态BAP之间也显著相关.Olsen-P是评价红枫湖沉积物磷的生物有效性的最佳指标.红枫湖沉积物颗粒组成以粘土及粉砂为主,湖心沉积物比河口粒度小.表层(0-5cm)沉积物中Olsen-P和AAP的含量与细组分(粘土)的比例呈正相关,而RDP、WSP与细组分呈负相关性,表明沉积物细组分对深水湖泊富营养化的重要性.     

Comparative studies on phosphorus uptake and growth kinetics of the microalga Tetraselmis subcordiformis and the macroalga Ulva pertusa

Short-term uptake experiments and long-term semicontinuous culture experiments were performed under the condition of phosphorus (P) limitation to estimate and compare the P uptake and growth kinetics of the microalga Tetraselmis subcordiformis and the macroalga Ulva pertusa. Two new parameters, the maximum specific uptake rate (V _m ^sp ) and the maximal growth efficiency (β), are introduced to achieve uniformity for the comparison of nutrient uptake and growth efficiency between microalgae and macroalgae. T. subcordiformis possesses 3 times lower half saturation uptake constant, 4 times higher maximal growth rate and 20 times higher maximum specific uptake rate than U. pertusa, while U. pertusa possesses 4 times higher maximal growth efficiency than T. subcordiformis.     

Biogeochemical characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in Jiaozhou Bay sediments

Sediment samples were cored from 3 locations representing the inner bay, the outer bay and the bay mouth of Jiaozhou Bay in September 2003 to study the source and biogeochemical characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in the bay. The content and vertical distributions of total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP）, organic nitrogen （ON）, organic phosphorus （OP）, inorganic nitrogen （IN）, inorganic phosphorus （IP）, the ratio of organic carbon and total nitrogen （OC/TN）, and the ratio of total nitrogen and total phosphorus （TN/TP） in the sediments were analyzed. The results show that both TN and TP in surface sediments decrease from the inner bay to the outer bay. In general, ON occupies 50%-70% of TN and IP accounts for more than 60% of TP. In ratio of OC：TN, the nitrogen accumulated in the sediments from the inner bay and the bay mouth came mainly from terrestrial sources, and the portion of autogenetic nitrogen was 28.9% and 13.1%, respectively. However, in the outer bay, nitrogen was mainly autogenetic, accounting for 62.1% of TN, whereas phosphorus was mainly land-derived. The sedimentation fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus varied spatially. The overall diagenesis rate of nitrogen was higher than that of phosphorus. Specifically, the diagenesis rate of OP was higher than that of IP. However, the diagenesis rate of ON was not always higher than that of IN. In species, the diagenesis rate of IN is sometimes much higher than that of the OC. In various environments, the diagenesis rate is, to some degree, affected by OC, pH, Eh, and Es.     

BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES OF PHOSPHORUS AND SILICON IN SOUTHERN BOHAI SEA SURFACE SEDIMENTS

Based on the author’s previously obtained results on P and Si forms in southern Bohai Sea surface sediments,this study maindy foucusing on the controlling factors,existence forms,and biogeo-chemical processes of P and Si showed that the transferable forms of phosphorus in sediments were mainly controlled by the mineralization of organic matters and the reduction of high-valence iron;whereas the transferable forms of silicon were possibly controlled by the dissolution and precipitation as well as bio-chemical processes of living organisms.