北京市地下水动态监测示范工程的建设和应用

北京市地下水动态监测示范工程是北京市科委的重大项目,从1999年开始建设,到2004年4月全面完成.本文详细介绍了该项目的建设及开发内容,以及在北京市地下水动态监测工作中的应用情况.     

Effects of detailed soil spatial information on watershed modeling across different model scales

Hydro-ecological modelers often use spatial variation of soil information derived from conventional soil surveys in simulation of hydro-ecological processes over watersheds at mesoscale (10–100 km²). Conventional soil surveys are not designed to provide the same level of spatial detail as terrain and vegetation inputs derived from digital terrain analysis and remote sensing techniques. Soil property layers derived from conventional soil surveys are often incompatible with detailed terrain and remotely sensed data due to their difference in scales. The objective of this research is to examine the effect of scale incompatibility between soil information and the detailed digital terrain data and remotely sensed information by comparing simulations of watershed processes based on the conventional soil map and those simulations based on detailed soil information across different simulation scales. The detailed soil spatial information was derived using a GIS (geographical information system), expert knowledge, and fuzzy logic based predictive mapping approach (Soil Land Inference Model, SoLIM). The Regional Hydro-Ecological Simulation System (RHESSys) is used to simulate two watershed processes: net photosynthesis and stream flow. The difference between simulation based on the conventional soil map and that based on the detailed predictive soil map at a given simulation scale is perceived to be the effect of scale incompatibility between conventional soil data and the rest of the (more detailed) data layers at that scale. Two modeling approaches were taken in this study: the lumped parameter approach and the distributed parameter approach. The results over two small watersheds indicate that the effect does not necessarily always increase or decrease as the simulation scale becomes finer or coarser. For a given watershed there seems to be a fixed scale at which the effect is consistently low for the simulated processes with both the lumped parameter approach and the distributed parameter approach.     

对江西农经网如何更好地提供信息服务的探讨

分析了江西农村经济信息网(www.jxagriec.gov.cn)的现状,指出农经网信息服务正面临着挑战,并在此基础上阐述了农经网信息服务的发展思路。     

基于GIS的保险防灾信息系统构建

从分析保险防灾业务的特点出发，提出利用MapGIS强大的二次开发功能构建保险防灾信息系统。作者结合自己的开发实践，比较全面的介绍了如何利用GIS技术来管理保险防灾业务的空间信息，并对这些关键的技术进行较全面阐述，对基于地理信息的信息系统的开发提供了许多有益的解决方案     

开发利用地理信息系统(GIS)综合分析地学信息进行矿产预测

众所周知,矿产资源预测是综合地学信息,进行优选靶区的有效手段之一。随着地学工作的深入和勘探技术的发展,已获取了大量的多源地学信息,如地质、地球物理、地球化学和遥感等资料。怎样从这众多的资料中提取有用信息进行综合分析,达到矿产资源预测的目的,一直是地学界探索的课题。过去,应用人工的方法来进行此项工作,不但费力、投资大,而且难以达到预期的效果,方法技术也不利于推广。如今,高速、高质量的计算机已趋于普及,使应用计算机技术高效地处理堆积如山的资料成为可能,尤其是近些年发展起来的地理信息系统(GIS),为综合处理地学资料的矿产资源预测的方法技术,开拓了广阔的前景。地理信息系统是一种计算机系统的应用软件,它集数据库管理和图像分析技术为一体,以空间数据迭加分析为重要特征。地学工作者进行矿产资源预测时,通常是从多源地学资料中提取有用信息,再应用专家知识,结合数学方法,如逻辑运算、贝叶斯(Bayes)规则等,建立预测模型,以模型的推理网格为线索,利用地理信息系统有效的空间分析手段,把各种证据图层综合迭加,最终产生以概率为指标的矿产资源预测图,高概率指示有利的矿产资源远景区,可作为勘探者和决策者进行勘查规划的依据。     

坡地系统土壤侵蚀定量评价方法

区域性土壤侵蚀的定量评在涉及到泥沙输移的非连续性难题和众多的非确定性因素，目前应用较普遍的小区定量难以适用。所提出的定量评价方法是利用ＧＩＳ技术、模糊数学、将以分布参数为特征的区域坡地系统划分成若干类具有集中参数特征的基本侵蚀单元，结合ＵＳＬＥ方程来模拟空间上不同侵蚀背景条件下土壤侵蚀的强度，并可以确定影响土壤侵蚀的主要因子及其排序，该方法适用性强，可用于不同空间尺度的土壤侵蚀定量评价。     

Separate Analysis of Remote Sensing Information of Structures of Different Geological Periods and Quantitative Study of Corresponding Tectonic Stress Fields

The structural feature shown on a remote sensing image is a synthetic result ofcombination of the deformations produced during the entire geological history of an area.Therefore, the respective tectonic stress field of each of the different stages in the complexdeformation of an area can be reconstructed in three steps: (1) geological structures formed atdifferent times are distinguished in remote sensing image interpretation; (2) structuraldeformation fields at different stages are determined by analyzing relationships betweenmicrostructures (joints and fractures) and the related structures (folds and faults); and (3)tectonic stress fields at different stages are respectively recovered through a study of the featuresof structural deformation fields in different periods. Circular structures and related circlular and radial joints are correlated in space to con-cealed structural rises. The authors propose a new method for establishing a natural model ofthe concealed structural rises and calculating the tectonic stress field by using quantitative dataof the remote sensing information of circular structures and related linear structures.     

城市防震减灾信息管理系统之研究

城市防震减灾信息系统是“数字福建”的一个组成内容。该文结合福建省城市防震减灾信息系统的建设工作 ,探讨了地理信息系统与防震减灾数值模型的集成方法 ,论述了城市防震减灾信息系统的结构、内容、功能和组织方式 ,分析了地震风险评估、建筑物易损性评价、生命与财产损失估算、救援与救灾管理调度等模型的集成方法 ,设计了城市防震减灾信息系统。     

第二松花江干流区地下水信息管理数据库系统开发与研制

介绍了第二松花江干流区地下水信息管理数据库系统的开发环境及总体设计。在分析与地下水有关的数据信息的基础上,提出了较为合理的地下水信息管理数据库系统的结构。将该系统按其功能分为5个子系统基础子系统、数据信息管理子系统、区域信息管理子系统、动态绘图子系统、水资源评价子系统,并对5个子系统的功能进行了详细阐述。     

基于GIS的孔隙水文地质层三维空间离散方法

针对自然界中孔隙水文地质层空间分布的不连续性与厚度分布的不均匀性,研究基于GIS的孔隙水文地质层三维空间离散实现的技术路线,提出基于GIS的孔隙水文地质层不规则六面体元的三维空间离散方法.该法不仅能最大限度地保证不规则六面体元中水文地质层类型的一元性,而且可充分利用GIS的空间分析与数据的自动提取功能,快速提取各个计算结点上空间位置坐标与各类计算参数,大大缩短水文地质模型空间离散与相关数据文件组织所需的时间,提高地下水三维有限差分数值模拟的时效性,具有较高的实用价值.