熔体形态学及其对岩石物理和力学性质的影响

简要回顾了熔体形态学的研究方法,并分别从熔体分数和熔体分布形态两个方面,综合前人在熔体对岩石物理和力学性质的影响领域的主要研究成果,认为在部分熔融初期,熔体分数小,熔体主要分布于孤立的熔体囊内,对岩石的电学性质和力学性质影响不大,但是,对岩石的弹性波波速影响却很明显;随着熔体分数的增大,孤立的熔体囊逐渐连通形成熔体管道网络,岩石的电学性质发生显著变化;当熔体分数增至某一临界数值时,岩石体系结构改变,岩石的力学性质发生突变.     

Quantitative pore-type characterization from well logs based on the seismic petrophysics in a carbonate reservoir

Quality, availability and consistency of the measured and interpreted well log data are essential in the seismic reservoir characterization methods, and seismic petrophysics is the recommended workflow to achieve data consistency between logs and seismic domains. This paper uses seismic petrophysics workflow to improve well logs and pore geometry interpretations for an oil carbonate reservoir in the Fahliyan Formation in the southwest of Iran. The petrophysical interpreted well logs, rock physics and well-to-seismic tie analysis are integrated into the proposed workflow. Our implementation incorporates revising petrophysical well log interpretations and updating pore geometry characteristics to obtain a better well-tie quality. We first propose an improved pore-type characterization approach based on both P- and S-wave velocities for quantifying pore geometry. Then, seismic logs are estimated accordingly, and the results are used in the well-to-seismic analysis. The quality of the well-tie is improved, furthermore, by iterating on the petrophysical interpreted well logs as well as the calculated pore geometries. For the intervals with high-quality data, our workflow improves the consistency between the results of measured and modelled seismic logs. For the intervals with problematic well logs, the application of our proposed workflow results in the successful replacement of the poor data and subsequently leads to an improved wavelet estimation and well-tie results. In both cases, a higher quantification of pore geometries is achieved, which in turn is confirmed by the core images and formation micro-imager analysis.     

致密油与页岩油内涵、特征、潜力及挑战

致密油是当前全球非常规石油发展的亮点领域,页岩油是未来非常规石油发展的潜在资源。基于国内外页岩层系液态烃地质特征系统研究,提出致密油与页岩油的"甜点区"分布,应着眼烃源性、岩性、物性、脆性、含油气性与应力各向异性"六特性"匹配评价;并指出中国有利页岩层系的特点是液态烃TOC2%(S12mg/g),纹层状页岩或致密砂岩、致密碳酸盐岩,孔隙度较高(致密油储集层孔隙度大于10%,页岩油储集层孔隙度大于3%),脆性矿物含量大于40%,含油饱和度60%~90%,较低原油黏度或较高地层压力,天然裂缝发育;对比北美有利页岩层系地质特征表明,北美有利页岩层系液态烃TOC大于4%,呈纹层状页岩或泥灰岩,孔隙度大于7%,脆性矿物含量大于50%,含油饱和度50%~80%,API40°及压力系数大于1.30,天然裂缝发育。围绕中国陆相致密油与页岩油沉积储集层,初步提出陆相细粒沉积分布模式、陆源碎屑与湖相碳酸盐岩混合成因的储集层岩石分类方案,初步预测技术可采资源量致密油约(20~25)×108t,页岩油约(30~60)×108t。陆相湖盆细粒沉积成因与分布、致密储集层微-纳米级储集空间结构、页岩层系液态烃充注及流动机制、页岩层系液态烃地球物理响应模型、资源潜力及"甜点区"评价预测等,将成为新时期非常规油气地质面临主要挑战与创新重点。     

Geophysical properties of zinc‐bearing deposits

At present, most, if not all zinc is being produced from the mineral sphalerite. With the exception of its piezoelectricity and in some cases its density, sphalerite has no salient physical properties to routinely allow its direct detection by geophysical methods. Although the mineral usually occurs with other sulfides, which do respond to various geophysical techniques, detection of zinc‐bearing deposits is often difficult. In this paper, physical property measurements from numerous, mainly Australian, deposits are presented, together with examples from various geophysical surveys. The results are used to suggest the most effective geophysical technique for the direct detection of the different types of zinc‐bearing deposits. Induced polarisation is probably the most effective technique for unmetamorphosed sediment‐hosted deposits and for carbonate‐hosted deposits, whereas electromagnetics is usually the most appropriate method to use for volcanic‐hosted deposits and for sediment‐hosted deposits that have been strongly metamorphosed. Magnetics is the best technique for skarn and ‘Cobar‐style’ deposits. However, it must be emphasised that usually more than one geophysical technique is required before a prospect can be considered to have been thoroughly explored.     

Quantitative analysis of top-seal capacity: offshore Netherlands,southern North Sea

Sealing characteristics of the caprock to the Main Buntsandstein reservoir sands in the P blocks in the Dutch offshore are assessed based on a core from the P15 well. The core which represents the Main Buntsandstein, Solling, Röt, and Muschelkalk interval has been analyzed using standard geologic and petrophysical techniques including mercury-injection capillary-pressure tests. The caprock to the Main Buntsandstein reservoir sands consists of anhydritic and/or dolomitic sandstone to argillaceous siltstone, silty shale, and dolostone. Early emplacement of nodular anhydrite followed by cementation and replacement by anhydrite, dolomite, and siderite has resulted in tight, submicroporous pore geometries which act as good to excellent seals. Capillary entry pressures of the best caprock lithologies are such that gas columns of the order of 300 m could potentially be trapped. The actual column height in P15 is about 125 m as indicated by RFT data. The presence of significant gas accumulations in the Main Buntsandstein in the P12, P14, P15, P18 and adjoining Q8 and Q16 blocks suggests that the P15 top-seal quality may be representative for that area.     

Compressibility of porous rocks: Part II. New relationships

Pore volume compressibility is one of the physical properties of a reservoir that must be specified in many reservoir-engineering calculations. The main objective of this work is to provide new general formulas for pore volume compressibility versus porosity on the basis of measured compressibilities of some limestone and sandstone rocks in a wide range of porosity values and of varied type; the measurements were performed on Hungarian reservoir rock samples. The obtained laboratory results were compared with the published correlations of consolidated limestone samples as well with values for friable and strongly consolidated sandstones. The validity of using compressibility data from the literature was investigated. The measured data showed poor agreement with the published correlations. The first approach to find better and more accurate rock compressibility correlations consisted of combing all the data available from the literature, using the same formula of Horne’s type. However, this attempt did not give satisfying fitting results. In the next step, by using twelve different fitting formulas, and other comprehensive nonlinear fitting regression programs, new rock compressibility correlations for limestone and sandstone rocks, with better goodness of fit, were developed. These new correlations can be generalized and used for most of oil and gas reservoirs.     

Aeromagnetic And Aeroradiometric Response To Hydrothermal Alteration

In Precambrian terrains all regional and most localintensive magnetic anomalies areproduced by magnetite. Monoclinic pyrrhotite isresponsible for some local, but oftenintensive, magnetic anomaly patterns. Both magnetiteand pyrrhotite are affected byhydrothermal alteration processes in various ways,resulting in changes either inabundance or in grain fabric. These changes arerecorded in the magnetic properties ofthe altered rock units and reflected in theiraeromagnetic signatures. Hydrothermalalteration in deformed bedrock zones is commonlycontrolled by structural or tectonicfeatures. Regional high-resolution aerogeophysicalsurveys can be utilized, in bothregional and detailed investigations, to map theoverall geological and tectonic settingor to estimate local changes in magnetic mineralogyand the relative abundance ofradionuclides.Magnetite is most commonly destroyed in alterationprocesses, such as biotitization,carbonation, sulfidization and silicification. Theprogressive destruction of magnetitebegins at grain margins and results first in broken and cracked grain texture and smallergrain size, then progresses to total disappearanceof magnetite. Alteration in magnetite-bearing rock units may be recognized by decreasedmagnetic intensity and by thebroken, disrupted magnetic pattern. The abundance ofmonoclinic pyrrhotite isenhanced by reducing hydrothermal fluids, and typicalcrystal anisotropy is developeddue to tectonic stress.The relative contents of radioelements are changedin the same hydrothermal processesand partly for the same reasons as the ferrimagneticminerals. Potassic alteration oftenresults in elevated K radiation particularly formafic rocks, and then anomalous K/Thratios along local shear or fracture zones may beindicative of gold-bearingmineralization. On the other hand, high U/Th ratioswithin metasedimentary units maypoint out prospects for sulphidization. Althoughvariation of U/Th ratios largely reflectsthe environmental conditions during primarydiagenesis or a later deformational phase,mainly the decrease in Th radiation close tosulphide mineralization seems to beresponsible for the elevated U/Th ratios.     

岩石物理化学与岩石物理学

当今岩石学已成为研究地球及其动力学的“探针”或“窗口”。岩石物理化学是岩石学与物理化学之间的交叉学科方向。它的主要任务是模拟自然界的温度、压力、化学条件，再造各种岩石形成的作用过程。岩石物理学是岩石学与物理学的交叉学科方向。对岩石的形成过程的全面认识，不仅要从化学过程去了解，还必须从物理过程去探索。岩石物理学已成为当今地球科学研究的一个新领域。今后的发展将是岩石物理化学与岩石物理学的交叉结合，特别是可供化学与物理过程同时进行实验研究的新的仪器的诞生，以及地球深部物质的化学与物理学实验研究的新突破，将可能导致岩石学理论，以至地球科学的新的革命。     

岩石三维微观结构定量研究方案与应用实例

微观CT技术可以提供微米(或更小)分辨率的三维高精度数字图像,为研究岩石内部结构提供了强有力的技术支持。微观CT数据的定量分析主要包含三个方面:(1)图像数据中岩石微观结构的定量表征;(2)流体力学代表性体元的确定和流体力学参数计算;(3)固体力学代表性体元的确定及固体力学参数计算。简要介绍了三个方面定量分析的实施方案,并将可视化技术作为数据分析的辅助手段。给出了糜棱岩、砂岩和灰岩三个不同样品的计算分析实例。岩石微观三维CT数据量大,尤其是包含了时间序列的四维CT数据量更为巨大,其中包含了丰富且独特的信息,处理过程复杂多变,构成了地学大数据的一个重要组成部分。