中国对虾酚氧化酶的部分生物化学特性的初步研究

以海捕中国对虾(Penacus chinensis)为材料，运用离心、凝胶过滤柱层析和离子交换柱层析的方法从对虾血淋巴中部分纯化出酚氧化酶。实验又以L-DOPAC为底物，分析各种因子对其活力的影响。结果显示酚氧化酶的最适pH值约为6．0，最适温度为40℃，Cu^2 能强烈抑制酚氧化酶的活性，而Mg^2 则能促进其活性，表明酚氧化酶可能是一种金属酶。     

Geotechnical properties of the Cassino Beach mud

Knowledge of the marine soils properties, together with hydrodynamic and climatic data, plays an important role for a better understanding of the dynamic behavior of sandy and muddy coasts. This paper deals with reporting and basic interpretation of two campaigns of exploration and characterization of the mud of Cassino Beach, southern Brazil, carried out during the years of 2004 and 2005. Samples were obtained by means of cores collected at some locations offshore, and were submitted to various laboratory geotechnical tests, including determination of the physical index, grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, and shear resistance by both triaxial and shear vane tests. Results confirm the existence of a very soft soil deposit offshore Cassino Beach, highly plastic, compressible, and viscous, forming an important database for further studies.     

应用CT成像技术研究岩心孔隙度分布特征

清楚地识别岩心内部孔隙度分布特征,并对其进行定量描述,有助于深入研究岩心的渗流特性。应用CT成像技术,通过对干岩心和饱和地层水岩心扫描,重建了岩心不同扫描层面、沿某正交切面以及三维孔隙度分布图。应用孔隙度频率分布和累积频率分布曲线得到了岩心孔隙度分布的统计特征。将岩心孔隙度划分为“层面级”和“岩心级”两个级别,选用7种参数对岩心孔隙度分布的集中趋势、离散程度和分布形态进行表征。研究实例表明,同一岩心不同扫描层面孔隙度分布存在明显差异,其集中程度、离散程度和分布形态均有所不同。采用这7种表征参数可精细刻画岩心孔隙度分布特征。     

川西拗陷须五段非常规气形成条件分析

随着对非常规气蔵的研究方法和开采手段的升级,使页岩气得以开发。川西拗陷须五段常规的思维是把它作为烃源岩来认识的,运用非常规页岩气的研究理念和方法,针对川西拗陷两条野外剖面(莲花剖面、万家坪剖面)及6口取心井(XYHF-1井,XYHF-2井,X503井,FG5井,GH2井,MY1井)的岩心观察、取样分析测试,以分析川西拗陷须五段具有形成非常规气蔵的条件,并用3种不同的表征方法(激光共聚焦法、高压压汞法、氮气吸附法)对须五段内不同类型的岩石进行孔隙度、渗透率及其连通性时行表征,结果表明:细砂岩中不同类型孔隙的孔隙度为0.41%～6.65%,平均总孔隙度为2.14%;泥(页)岩的孔隙度为1.51%～5.99%,总孔隙度为2.70%。微米CT扫描发现须五段上亚段细砂岩的连通性好于下亚段,中亚段以粉砂岩为主,孔隙连通性差,有机质含量低;泥(页)岩的孔隙连通性也差,孔隙发育依附于有机质的发育,泥(页)岩样品的有机碳含量主要分布在0.5%～3%之间。综合评价认为马井-邡、崇州-郫县、新场-丰谷等地区成蔵条件较好,为I类地区,是川西坳陷须五段页岩气的目标区域。     

Advanced Geostructural Survey Methods Applied to Rock Mass Characterization

The location and orientation of rock discontinuities, which are traditionally obtained from geological surveys with obvious drawbacks (safety, rock face accessibility, etc.), may also be derived from a detailed and accurate photogrammetric or laser scanning survey. Selecting from the point cloud determined on the rock face a set of points distributed on a particular discontinuity, location, dip, and dip direction can be computed from the least-squares estimate of the plane interpolating the set of points. Likewise, the normal vector to the surface may be computed from an interpolation or approximation of the surface by appropriate functions. To become a real alternative (both in terms of productivity as well as accuracy) to a traditional survey, interactive or automated software tools are necessary, to allow the efficient selection of the point sets on the discontinuities or the interpretation of the normal vector pattern. After introducing the two best technologies available today for data acquisition and their performance, the paper presents an approach, based on the random sample consensus (RANSAC) procedure, to the segmentation of the point cloud into subsets, each made of points measured on a discontinuity plane of the rock face. For each subset, the plane’s equations coefficients are first determined by robust estimation and then refined by least-squares estimation after outlier removal. The segmentation algorithm has been implemented in RockScan, a software tool developed to facilitate the interaction with the point cloud in the identification of the discontinuities; rather than using the three-dimensional (3D) data, selection of regions of interest is performed on oriented images of the rock face. Finally, application of RockScan to four different test sites is discussed and results presented. The sites differ in size (from tens to hundreds of meters), rock surface characteristics, and the technology used to produce the point cloud (in three cases photogrammetry, in the fourth laser scanning), giving the opportunity to test the methodology in different contexts. In the first and in the fourth site an extensive traditional survey has been performed, providing reference data to validate the RockScan results.     

高放废物深地质处置：回顾与展望

文章对我国高放废物地质处置研究的历史进行了回顾,并对未来发展进行了展望。我国的高放废物深地质处置研究开发从1985年开始,迄今为止可初步分为3个阶段：①起步和跟踪研究阶段（1985～1998）;②逐步发展阶段（1999～2005）;③政府规划指导阶段（2006至今）。20多年来,我国在国家法律法规、战略规划、选址、工程屏障、核素迁移研究等方面取得了显著进展。我国已经提出在2020年前建成地下实验室、21世纪中叶建成高放废物处置库的目标。研究开发和处置库工程建设分成3个阶段：试验室研究开发和处置库选址阶段（2006～2020）;地下现场试验阶段（2021-2040）和处置库建设阶段（2041～本世纪中叶）。经过全国筛选对比,已初步选定甘肃北山地区为重点预选区,系统的场址评价工作正在进行。已确定采用膨润土作为处置库的回填材料,并初步确定内蒙古高庙子膨润土为我国高放废物处置库的首选缓冲回填材料。工程设计、核素迁移研究和安全评价也取得了一定进展。1999年起与国际原子能机构开展了3期高放废物地质处置技术合作项目,对提高我国的技术水平起到了积极作用。20多年的研究开发工作为我国在21世纪完成高放废物地质处置任务奠定了基础。     

奥里诺科重油带MPE-3区块Oficina组辫状河三角洲沉积相定量刻画

委内瑞拉盆地奥里诺科重油带MPE-3区块Oficina组辫状河三角洲沉积相定量刻画难度大,是制约该区块水平井高效开发的关键地质因素。在区域沉积背景研究的基础上,利用岩芯描述和分析化验资料,确定该地区为辫状河三角洲沉积,区内主要发育辫状河三角洲平原和三角洲前缘亚相,心滩、复合心滩坝、辫状河道、决口扇/溢岸、泛滥平原、水下分流河道、分流间湾、席状砂和潮汐砂坝等微相。综合利用地震和测井资料、现代沉积测量类比和经验公式等三种方法,实现了研究区主要沉积微相的定量刻画,认为辫状河河道带宽度介于1~5 km,水下分流河道宽度在1 km左右,建立了心滩宽与心滩长、心滩宽与辫状河道宽度、水下分流河道单河道宽度与深度之间关系的经验公式,进一步阐明了Oficina组沉积时期辫状河三角洲沉积演化规律,为提高研究区超重油油藏采出程度提供了重要地质依据。     

Complex interplay between depositional and petrophysical environments in Holocene tidal carbonates (Al Ruwais,Qatar)

Carbonate rocks can be classified in terms of those properties relating to the pore system of lithified sediments, so‐called ‘petrophysical rock types’, or ‘depositional rock types’ which are categorized based on characteristics directly reflecting their original depositional environment. Whereas petrophysical rock types are typically used to identify and distribute rock bodies within a reservoir with similar flow characteristics, depositional rock types ignore pore types and capture sedimentary structures, lithology and fossils. Both classification systems are extensively used to describe reservoir rocks, but the degree of plurality between them remains poorly understood and is the motivation for this study. To examine the degree of congruency between the two classification schemes, a field assessment was conducted for a 175 km² area situated offshore Al Ruwais, northern Qatar, encompassing depositional environments spanning supratidal, intertidal, shallow subtidal and open marine conditions. A total of 350 surficial sediment samples were collected along 24 shore‐normal transects. Each sample was assigned a ‘petrophysical rock type’ class based on analysis of sedimentary texture (grain size and sorting). ‘Depositional rock type’ classes, by contrast, were defined with reference to faunal content and, in turn, classes of mineralogy were delimited by weighting this content against the mineralogy of each faunal category. Of course, the samples studied correspond to unconsolidated sediments and not to indurated rocks. However, considering only primary porosity and permeability preservation, it is reasonable to assume that the classified sediments would become petrophysical rock types and depositional rock types when consolidated, following their primary grain size, sorting and grain type distribution. Therefore, the term ‘rock type’ is retained here for ease of terminology but, for clarity, these are sediment samples. The discrete samples were interpolated into continuous surfaces describing the distribution of depositional rock types, petrophysical rock types and mineralogy, and spatial correspondence between those surfaces was statistically evaluated. In order to link these parameters with environment of deposition, their correlation with water depth (as audited from airborne light detection and ranging) and ecological habitat (mapped from DigitalGlobe satellite imagery) was also assessed. The data reveal that spatial distributions of sedimentary faunal, petrographic and mineralogical properties do not show exactly congruent patterns. Other meaningful trends do exist, however. For example, the occurrence of certain depositional rock types is indicative of particular petrophysical rock types, and vice versa. Further, connections between petrophysical rock types and mineralogy are emphasized and offer insight as to how the evolution of matrix porosity might be predicted via diagenetic models tuned to specific sediment textures. Useful relationships are also identified between the occurrence of petrophysical rock types and depositional rock types, and both ecological habitat and water depth. The potential of such dualities is two‐fold. Firstly, they can be applied to more realistically distribute petrophysical rock types and depositional rock types by environment of deposition in reservoir models and, secondly, the use of modern carbonate systems as subsurface analogues might be enhanced.     

新疆额尔齐斯河边滩砾石定向性特征及其意义*

综合运用玫瑰图以及Curray的计算方法,对额尔齐斯河某处边滩上的20个观测点的砾石定向性进行了研究。结果表明,研究区砾石长轴存在定向排列且最优方向和河流流向平行,但是砾石定向性特征还和其他因素有关。颗粒支撑方式对砾石定向性有一定影响,多级颗粒支撑的砾石定向性最好,其次是颗粒支撑的砾石。水动力强弱会影响砾石定向排列,当水动力比较弱时,砾石在流水作用下以滚动的方式被搬运,砾石长轴和河流流向垂直;水动力比较强时,砾石在流水作用下以跳跃方式被搬运并且长轴和流向平行,在这种情况下其所受阻力最小,能够保持稳定状态。砾石粒径也会影响砾石定向性,在水动力比较弱时,小砾石(粒径小于2cm)长轴和河流流向垂直,大砾石(粒径大于2cm)和河流流向平行;但是当水动力较强时,砾石粒径大小对颗粒定向性特征的影响就可以忽略不计。因此运用砾石长轴来判断古流向时,要综合考虑研究区的古气候、沉积时的水动力等其他因素,然后确定河流流向和砾石长轴的关系,最后再确定研究区的古流向。     

Deepwater Turbidite Lobe Deposits: A Review of the Research Frontiers

Deepwater/deep-marine turbidite lobes are the most distal part of a siliciclastic depositional system and hold the largest sediment accumulation on the seafloor. As many giant hydrocarbon provinces have been discovered within deepwater lobe deposits, they represent one of the most promising exploration targets for hydrocarbon industry. Deepwater exploration is characterized by high cost, high risk but insufficient data because of the deep/ultra–deepwater depth. A thorough understanding of the deepwater turbidite lobe architecture, hierarchy, stacking pattern and internal facies distribution is thus vital. Recently, detailed outcrop characterizations and high–resolution seismic studies have both revealed that the deepwater lobe deposits are characterized into four–fold hierarchical arrangements from "beds", to "lobe elements", to "lobes" and to "lobe complex". Quantitative compilations have shown that hierarchical components of lobe deposits have similar length to width ratios but different width to thickness ratios depending on different turbidite systems. At all hierarchical scales, sand–prone hierarchical lobe units are always separated by mud–prone bounding units except when the bounding units are eroded by their overlying lobe units thus giving rise to vertical amalgamation and connectivity. Amalgamations often occur at more proximal regions suggesting high flow energy. A mixed flow behavior may occur towards more distal regions, resulting in deposition of "hybrid event beds". These synthesized findings could(1) help understand the lobe reservoir distribution and compartmentalization therefore benefit the exploration and development of turbidite lobes within the deep marine basins(e.g. South China Sea) and(2) provide rules and quantitative constraints on reservoir modeling. In addition, the findings associated with deepwater turbidite lobes might be a good starting point to understand the sedimentology, architecture and hierarchy of turbidites in deep lacustrine environment.