Detailed hydraulic head profiles as essential data for defining hydrogeologic units in layered fractured sedimentary rock

This paper describes a study in southern Wisconsin where vertical hydraulic head profiles measured in exceptional detail provided the key data for defining hydrogeologic units (HGUs) in a layered sequence of sandstone, siltstone, shale, and dolostone. The most important data were obtained from corehole MP-6 which was cored 131 m into bedrock and instrumented using a Westbay^® multilevel system with 36 depth discrete monitoring intervals. The resulting head profile is consistant over time and shows eight distinct inflections in hydraulic head. Several of the inflections occur between adjacent permeable units and are likely due to poor vertical connectivity of fracture sets rather than distinct lower permeability layers or aquitards in the conventional sense. No other type of data was capable of identifying the position of such distinct hydrogeologic features. These zones of abrupt head loss provide the primary dataset for delineation of eleven HGUs at MP-6 and are supported by less detailed head profiles at other locations. Although the detailed head profiles are essential, core logs and geophysical logs from other boreholes are nessessary to fully establish the lateral continuity of the HGUs.     

Remote sensing application for property tax evaluation

This paper presents a study for linking remotely sensed data with property tax related issues. First, it discusses the key attributes required for property taxation and evaluates the capabilities of remote sensing technology to measure these attributes accurately at parcel level. Next, it presents a detailed case study of six representative wards of different characteristics in Dehradun, India, that illustrates how measurements of several of these attributes supported by field survey can be combined to address the issues related to property taxation. Information derived for various factors quantifies the property taxation contributed by an average dwelling unit of the different income groups. Results show that the property tax calculated in different wards varies between 55% for the high-income group, 32% for the middle-income group, 12% for the low-income group and 1% for squatter units. The study concludes that higher spatial resolution satellite data and integrates social survey helps to assess the socio-economic status of the population for tax contribution purposes.     

Distribution of the Ordovician Fluid in the Tahe Oilfield and Dynamic Response of Cave System S48 to Exploitation

The Tahe Oilfield is a complex petroleum reservoir of Ordovician carbonate formation and made up of spatially overlapping fracture-cavity units. The oilfield is controlled by a cave system resulting from structure-karst cyclic sedimentation. Due to significant heterogeneity of the reservoir, the distribution of oil and water is complicated. Horizontally, a fresh water zone due to meteoric water can be found in the north part of the Akekule uplift. A marginal freshening zone caused by water released from mudstone compaction is found at the bottom of the southern slope. Located in a crossformational flow discharge zone caused by centripetal and the centrifugal flows, the main part of the Tahe Oilfield, featuring high salinity and concentrations of CI^- and K^＋＋Na^＋, is favorable for accumulation of hydrocarbon. Three types of formation water in the Tahe Ordovician reservoir are identified： （1） residual water at the bottom of the cave after oil and gas displacement, （2） residual water in fractures/pores around the cave after oil and gas displacement, and （3） interlayer water below reservoirs. The cave system is the main reservoir space, which consists of the main cave, branch caves and depressions between caves. Taking Cave System S48 in the Ordovician reservoir as an example, the paper analyzes the fluid distribution and exploitation performance in the cave system. Owing to evaporation of groundwater during cross-formational flow, the central part of the main cave, where oil layers are thick and there is a high degree of displacement, is characterized by high salinity and Br^- concentration. With high potential and a long stable production period, most wells in the central part of the main cave have a long water-free oil production period. Even after water breakthrough, the water content has a slow or stepwise increase and the hydrochemistral characteristics of the produced water in the central part of the main cave are uniform. From the center to the edge of the main cave, displacement and enri     

华北主要构造单元及边界带现今水平形变与运动机制

根据华北地区12，15，16，1年高精度GPS观测结果，给出了华北地区各主要构造单元间两个时段(12-16年和16-1年)的相对水平运动.其结果为：①相对于鄂尔多斯单元，阴山单元的运动为(0-2.3)±1.6mm/a，方向约0°-W13°N，属于相对较弱左旋走滑运动.②相对于鄂尔多斯单元，晋冀鲁豫单元的运动为(4.4±1.0)-(2.5±1.5)mm/a，方向约为S50°-30°E，属于右旋型拉张运动；相对于燕山单元，则为(4.7±1.4)-(4.3±1.4)mm/a，方向约为E37°-°S，属拉张型左旋走滑运动.③相对于晋冀鲁豫单元，胶辽鲁苏单元12-16年的运动显示了顺扭的运动特征；16-1年的运动为(2.6±1.5)mm/a，保持顺扭趋势，方向约为W11°S，总体上属于北张南压的右旋走滑运动.分析表明：现今地壳构造活动与现代地壳构造运动性质基本一致，但量值有所差别；地壳运动存在着数年尺度的较明显的波动性，这可能是大陆地壳运动的一个主要特征；16-1年的运动不同于12-16年，主要表现为鄂尔多斯单元北移态势增强，山西断陷带和燕山构造带两侧拉张性有所减弱，可能是张北地震后应力调整与华北地区边界力耦合共同作用的结果.     

Application of the Geo-Anomaly Unit Concept in Quantitative Delineation and Assessment of Gold Ore Targets in Western Shandong Uplift Terrain,Eastern China

A number of large and giant ore deposits have been discovered within the relatively small areas of lithospheric structure anomalies, including various boundary zones of tectonic plates. The regions have become the well-known intercontinental ore-forming belts, such as the circum-Pacific gold–copper, copper–molybdenum, and tungsten–tin metallogenic belts. These belts are typical geological anomalous areas. An investigation into the hydrothermal ore deposits in different regions in the former Soviet Union illustrated that the geologic structures of ore fields of almost all major commercial deposits have distinct features compared with the neighboring areas. These areas with distinct features are defined as geo-anomalies. A geo-anomaly refers to such a geologic body or a combination of bodies that their composition, texture–structure, and genesis are significantly different from those of their surroundings. A geo-anomaly unit (GU) is an area containing distinct features that can be delineated with integrated ore-forming information using computer techniques on the basis of the geo-anomaly concept. Herein, the GU concept is illustrated by a case study of delineating the gold ore targets in the western Shandong uplift terrain, eastern China. It includes: (1) analyses of gold ore-forming factors; (2) compilation of normalized regional geochemical map and extraction of geochemical anomalies; (3) compilation of gravitational and aeromagnetic tectonic skeleton map and extraction of gravitational and aeromagnetic anomalies; (4) extraction of circular and linear anomalies from remote-sensing Landsat TM images; (5) establishment of a geo-anomaly conceptual model associated with known gold mineralization; (6) establishment of gold ore-forming favorability by computing techniques; and (7) delineation and assessment of ore-forming units. The units with high favorability are suggested as ore targets.     

An evaluation of the undiscovered mineral resources of India based on the concept of unit regional value

Unit regional value (URV) and unit regional weight (URW) are relatively new concepts which are used to measure the intensity of the development of the mineral resources of any particular region. URV and URW of the mineral resources of India have been evaluated by sector, by commodity, as well as by state. The results are compared with values for the U.S.A. established by earlier workers and which can be taken as a standard for comparison with the mineral resources of other regions. URV of India, evaluated through the years 1898–1985, shows that the total mineral resources produced stands at $24.4 billion U.S. (deflated to 1967 value). Log URV of India lies below one standard deviation of the value for the states of the U.S. Like the U.S. India's major contribution to its URV is from fuels, but it is much less compared to that of the U.S. Next to fuels, metals, nonmetals, construction materials, and precious materials follow in that order. Except for two states, viz. Bihar and West Bengal, all other states are just below two standard deviations of the states of the U.S. The state of J&K is even much lower than the two standard deviations mark. It is concluded that India has a high potential for undiscovered mineral resources. However, this will require a large investment in exploration, on the order of Rs. 7760 crores, in the next few years.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部延安组水下分流河道型湖泊三角洲体系的沉积构成

采用过程沉积学和成因地层分析相结合的方法,在鄂尔多斯盆地南部延安组中识别出了一种新的湖泊三角洲沉积体系。它与普通河控型湖泊三角洲的主要区别是下三角洲平原部分不是由典型的分流河口坝和前三角洲沉积组成,而是由多分支的水下分流河道、水下决口扇和湖泊沉积组成。在边缘三角洲部分,时常受波浪作用的改造,并形成各种类型的湖滨沉积。本文比较详细地讨论了这类湖泊三角洲的沉积构成及其发育的边界条件。     

胶东地区地质体含金性的地质地球化学评价

通过分析胶东地区各地质体例 的金根率分布模型,金含量的分数维特征,金及相关元素的组合特征天南地北来评价胶来地区各地质体的含金性。结果表明：胶东群,粉子山群,玲珑型花岗岩为金的矿源岩,郭家岭型花岗岩可能即为本区的金成矿提供成矿物质又起到了“热机”的作用。