流域特征曲线与泥石流活动

小流域是最活跃的地貌单元,泥石流是小流域演化中最剧烈的过程,是沟谷物质输移的最极端形式。以积分形式重新定义沟谷的比降,则比降曲线的变化直观反映了流域物质通过沟谷的改变。而流域的变化可以通过Strahler的流域的面积-高程曲线来表示。比降曲线与面积-高程曲线的自然联系,将泥石流活动问题与流域演化问题自然联系起来。以云南东川蒋家沟源地小流域面积-高程曲线为基础,具体讨论了流域可能发生泥石流的曲线形态和演化趋势。这样,有可能通过流域的形态特征来认识泥石流的长期演化。     

非饱和黄土渗透性的试验研究

通过对甘肃陇西地区的湿陷性黄土做现场浸水试验和室内渗透试验、粒度分析试验，得到了陇西黄土的渗透系数（K20）随孔隙比（e）和吸力（s）的变化规律，为研究黄土浸水入渗规律，求解湿陷性黄土非稳态渗流方程做了必要的准备。     

温度探测土坝圆柱状集中渗漏模型研究

渗漏是堤坝破坏主要形式之一，只有确定渗漏发生的确切位置和集中渗漏通道的大小和强度，才能对其有效治理。本文基于渗流和渗漏情况下堤坝温度场特征及温度示踪基本原理，对复杂的实际问题进行科学简化合理假设，把集中渗漏通道简化为圆柱状并作为边界条件，结合钻孔探测温度实际，运用稳定热传导理论，建立了圆柱状堤坝渗漏温度示踪模型。利用测井温度曲线的最大异常温度，该模型可以计算渗漏通道的位置，渗漏通道大小，流速等参数。工程实践表明，对于垂向流速较小的地下水渗漏进行温度场示踪是有效的方法。     

岩石激发极化衰减谱的多指数反演

激发极化衰减谱比极化率具有更为丰富的储层信息,与地层的孔隙结构、渗透率、地层水电阻率以及泥质含量密切相关。衰减谱是一系列单指数衰减的线性叠加,因此,可以对衰减谱进行多指数反演,得到弛豫时间谱,从而可以更好地利用激发极化衰减谱来进行储层评价。一般的非负最小二乘反演的结果振荡剧烈,与实际情况不相符。这里采用阻尼最小二乘方法,结合奇异值分解技术对泥质砂岩的激发极化衰减谱进行了多指数反演,得到了光滑连续的弛豫时间谱,弛豫时间分布点数为32点~64点较合适,算法和软件对实际的岩心具有较好的效果。     

Influence of permeability on hydrothermal circulation in the sediment-buried oceanic crust

1 Introduction Hydrothermal circulation is the key process of hydrothermal activity. Modern seafloor hydrothermal circulation can be divided into three parts: convective cells in the oceanic curst, interface between seafloor and ocean and hydrothermal plume. Hydrothermal convection in the crust is the dominant part of the whole seafloor hydrothermal circulation. The distribu-tion and nature of hydrothermal system in the oceanic crust are controlled by crust thermal structures and permeability …     

Non-Darcian flow in a single confined vertical fracture toward a well

Non-Darcian flow towards a well which fully penetrates a confined single vertical fracture is presented in this paper on the basis of the Izbash equation. We have obtained semi-analytical solutions for non-Darcian flow by using the Boltzmann transform and developed the non-Darcian flow well functions for cases with and without the effect of wellbore storage. The results show that the non-Darcian flow type curves are more or less deviated from the Darcian flow type curve. The non-linear effect is mainly attributable to the turbulent factor, v, a dimensionless parameter related to the pumping rate, the fracture aperture, the fracture thickness, and two constants k′ and n used in the Izbash power-law. The non-linear effect appears to be less sensitive to the power-law index, n. When excluding wellbore storage, the well function at early times is proportional to v^−1/(n−1)u^−n/(n−1), where u is a dimensionless term inversely proportional to time; whereas the well function at late times is approximated as , where A₀(n) is a finite term depending on n. When considering wellbore storage, drawdowns inside the well with different v values approach the same asymptotic value at small times, and the effect of wellbore storage is only found at the early stage of pumping.     

Emplaced Geotechnical Characteristics of Hydraulic Fills in a Number of Australian Mines

Hydraulic fills used in Australian mines have similar grain size distributions whilst having quite different specific gravity values, typically in the range of 2.7–4.4. When produced and distributed in slurry at 65–75% by solid content, they settle to produce fills with similar geotechnical characteristics. The fills under investigation have been found to settle, in the laboratory, to a dry density of about 0.56 × specific gravity, a saturation water content of about 17–34%, and a porosity of 37–49%. A quick estimate of the optimum water content that gives the minimum porosity may be obtained by locating the intersection of the saturation curve and minimum porosity line, which may simply be done on a water content vs. porosity plot. However, transportability of the slurry requires it to be mixed at water content substantially greater than the optimum water content. As the tailings settle out of suspension, they settle to relative density of 50–80%. This paper shows that the current empirical relationships relating relative density and N-value to friction angle for sands will significantly underestimate the friction angle of the hydraulic fills. Based on limited experimental data, a unique relationship between relative density and friction angle is proposed for hydraulic fills placed in some Australian mines.     

线路坐标计算的通用模型

介绍了一种适合电算的线路坐标计算通用模型.首先,引入了曲线元的概念,使线路的平面线形三要素(直线、圆曲线、缓和曲线)得到了统一.然后,以曲线元作为组成线路的最小单元,推导了线路坐标计算的通用数学模型.该模型形式简单,易于编程实现.不但能解算S型、卵型、复合型、C型等复杂组合线形的任意指定点的坐标,而且能将线路中桩、边桩以及与线路非正交交叉的特殊点位(如桥墩、电线杆等)的坐标解算统一了起来.     

Binary upscaling—the role of connectivity and a new formula

Although recognized as important, measures of connectivity (i.e. the existence of high-conductivity paths that increase flow and allow for early solute arrival) have not yet been incorporated into methods for upscaling hydraulic conductivities of porous media. We present and evaluate a binary upscaling formula that utilizes connectivity information. The upscaled hydraulic conductivity (K) of binary media is determined as a function of the proportions and conductivities of the two materials, the geometry of the inclusions, and the mean distance between them. The use of a phase interchange theorem renders the formula equally applicable to two-dimensional media with inclusions of low K and high K as compared with the matrix. The new upscaling formula is tested on two-dimensional binary random fields spanning a broad range of spatial correlation structures and conductivity contrasts. The computed effective conductivities are compared to what is obtained using self-consistent effective medium theory, the coated ellipsoids approximation, and to a streamline approach. It is shown that, although simple, the proposed formula performs better than available methods for binary upscaling. The use of connectivity information leads to significantly improved behavior close to the percolation threshold. The proposed upscaling formula depends exclusively on parameters that are obtainable from field investigations.