Analysis of Rayleigh waves in saturated porous elastic media by finite element method

A numerical procedure for the analysis of Rayleigh waves in saturated porous elastic media is proposed by use of the finite element method. The layer stiffness matrix, the layer mass matrix and the layer damping matrix in a layered system are presented for the discretized form of the solid-fluid equilibrium equation proposed by Biot. In order to consider the influence of the permeability coefficient on the behavior of Rayleigh waves, attention is focused on the following states: ‘drained’ state, ‘undrained’ state and the states between two extremes of ‘drained’ and ‘undrained’ states. It is found from computed results that the permeability coefficient exerts a significant effect on dispersion curves and displacement distributions of Rayleigh waves in saturated porous media.     

Kriging with imprecise (fuzzy) variograms. II: Application

The geostatistical analysis of soil liner permeability is based on 20 measurements and imprecise prior information on nugget effect, sill, and range of the unknown variogram. Using this information, membership functions for variogram parameters are assessed and the fuzzy variogram is constructed. Both kriging estimates and estimation variances are calculated as fuzzy numbers from the fuzzy variogram and data points. Contour maps are presented, indicating values of the kriged permeability and the estimation variance corresponding to selected membership values called levels.     

湖南省煤的热谱特征及其研究意义

煤的热谱(DTA、DSC、TG)特征与煤的其他物化特征参数一样,是煤大分子结构特征的反映,可作为研究煤化作用的参考和无烟煤分类的辅助标志。本文介绍了湖南省不同变质程度煤的热谱特征和试验所发现的热谱曲线、峰温与煤及瓦斯突出强度、无烟煤三小类的关系,并试验证明利用热分析曲线进行煤层对比的可能性。     

暴雨洪水灾害人口损失评估方法研究进展

在气候变化与城市化背景下,暴雨洪水灾害损失风险加剧,给人口生命安全带来极大威胁,评估暴雨洪水灾害的人口损失成为灾害风险研究关注的焦点问题。本文基于灾害系统理论,归纳了基于“致灾因子(H)—承灾体(V)—孕灾环境(E)—人口损失(D)”的暴雨洪水灾害人口损失评估的概念框架;基于现有国内外典型研究,梳理了相应的指标体系和研究方法,以“影响指标—损失指标—分析方法”多维图显示,认为“综合影响因素—人口损失”关系分析是评估暴雨洪水灾害人口损失的核心。目前人口损失的评估方法依据其考虑的要素可划分为：基于“H-D”关系的脆弱性曲线法、基于“H-V-E-D”关系的多要素综合法和刻画过程的灾害系统模拟法等。着重从数据可获取性和方法有效性两方面进行综述,认为单一方法不能满足人口损失风险评估的需求,因此从灾害系统角度出发,从单一要素向多要素综合发展、从指标统计分析向过程动态模拟发展、从单一方法向综合集成方法发展是人口损失及风险定量评估的发展趋势。     

测井技术在泰安姚庄油页岩勘探中的识别应用

油页岩是一种很有前景的油气资源,测井技术是油页岩矿勘探开发的关键技术。该文依托姚庄地区油页岩矿钻孔的测井工作,通过对典型钻孔zk002的测井资料进行分析对比,得出测井曲线的变化与岩层有机质含量的关系,识别出地层岩性,并定出含油页岩层厚度,其结果与地质岩心钻探结果基本一致,因此,测井技术能较好地识别含油页岩层。     

渤海海域深层低孔渗油气藏成因机制分析——以渤中1&2区块为例

渤海深层油气藏勘探潜力大,随着渤海勘探的深入,深层低孔渗油气藏已成为渤海勘探的必然选择。而深层低孔渗油气藏在成因类型和成藏机制上明显不同于先前的构造类油气藏。以渤中12区块为例,对其深层低孔渗油气藏成因机制进行深入剖析。研究表明,研究区深层低孔渗油气藏为先致密后成藏。根据深层成藏力平衡机制和浮力成藏下限理论,主要为以浮力运移动力为主的常规油气藏,以及以分子膨胀力为主的深盆致密油气藏,是两种不同成因机制的油气藏叠加在一起组成的复合油气藏。晚期原油两期充注成藏加之晚期碳酸盐胶结作用,导致古油藏的存在。先期原油的排酸作用,异常超压带虽然碳酸盐含量高,但是粒度较粗砂体碳酸盐胶结物含量较少,且颗粒溶孔也比较发育,另外超压使压实受抑制,原生孔隙得以保存,这都是深部致密带出现"甜点"的原因。研究成果对指导渤海深层勘探,拓展勘探领域有一定的借鉴意义。     

渗透性与降雨强度对堆积层滑坡稳定性的影响

本文基于非饱和渗流理论及非饱和土的Fredlund双应力变量强度理论,对一沿岩土接触面滑动的堆积层滑坡模型,分别进行了8种条件下的降雨入渗数值模拟试验,研究了不同土体渗透性及降雨强度对滑坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:(1)堆积层滑坡的稳定性与土体的渗透性有密切关系,在降雨后的短期内,土体渗透性越好,滑面孔隙水压力升高越明显,滑坡的稳定性降低程度越大;(2)降雨期间,埋深较浅的滑面,入渗雨水能够较快到达,对滑坡稳定性的影响较大;(3)在相同的降雨时间内,降雨强度越大,滑坡稳定性降低速率越快;(4)降雨强度影响着滑坡发生的滞后性,在降雨总量一定的条件下,若降雨强度较大,雨停后,滑坡稳定性继续下降的程度较大;(5)降雨总量控制着滑坡的最终稳定性。     

The resistivity structure of the Penola Trough,Otway Basin from magnetotelluric data

We present inversion results for a 100 site, broadband magnetotelluric (MT) survey in the Penola Trough, Otway Basin, South Australia. The Penola Trough is host to several petroleum reservoirs and has more recently been a target for unconventional geothermal exploration. We present two interpretations of the MT data. A 1D anisotropic interpretation, where anisotropy is determined within the Otway Basin sequence and basement in the northeastern Penola Trough, fits the impedance tensor well. However, the anisotropy strike is inconsistent with the known orientation of electrically conductive fractures in the Penola Trough. On the other hand, a 3D interpretation, which incorporates lateral variations in resistivity, requires no anisotropy yet it matches the data equally well. Both the 1D and 3D inversions resolve several layers within the Otway Basin sequence, which correspond to stratigraphic units defined in wells and in the coincident Haselgrove–Balnaves 3D seismic survey. These include the Eumeralla and Dilwyn formations, which are poorly resolved in the seismic data. The basin architecture, defined in the 3D inversion, in particular the depth to basement, is consistent with previous interpretations based on seismic reflection data that show that the Otway Basin thins in the northeastern Penola Trough. This does not occur in the anisotropic model. We therefore conclude that the subsurface resistivity appears to be isotropic in the Penola Trough. This contrasts with the anisotropic resistivity structure determined in a previous study in the Koroit region, eastern Otway Basin. The difference in the MT responses between the two regions is supported by resistivity and permeability information from well logs and may reflect differences in the orientation of subsurface fractures, or differences in the present-day stress field, between the two regions.     

南海北部冬、夏季海表浮游植物光合作用速率对光强的响应特征

本文通过南海北部冬、夏季航次的现场观测,研究了海表浮游植物光合作用速率对光强的响应特征(P-E曲线)。结果表明南海北部浮游植物P-E曲线存在明显的季节变化。在冬季,P-E曲线呈现高P_mB、高α、高β的特征,这表明冬季浮游植物在低光照环境中光合作用速率增加迅速,其最大光合作用速率较高但容易受到光抑制。与冬季相反,夏季P-E曲线呈现低P_mB、低α、低β的特征,浮游植物受光抑制影响小,但最大光合作用速率低于冬季。水温和粒级结构等指标与P-E参数存在显著相关,这意味着环境和群落的季节变化可能对光合作用特性有一定影响。通过P-E参数模拟得到真光层内光合作用速率,模拟值与现场结果之间呈明显的线性相关但存在高估。此研究有助于认识南海浮游植物光合作用特征,并为初级生产力模型研究提供依据。     

Permeability measurements in mudrocks using gas-expansion methods on plug and crushed-rock samples

Permeability is an important parameter relative to the production of hydrocarbons in shale oil/gas plays; however, the measurement of permeability in these nano-to microdarcy rocks remains a challenge. Results from different methods or from different laboratories are not consistent, and reasons are not fully understood. In the present study, permeability is measured for both plug and crushed-rock samples with different plug diameter or crushed-sample particle size to systematically investigate the permeability measurement to better understand and apply the measured results. A modified gas-expansion (MGE) method, which can measure permeability for plug samples under confining pressures, was established and applied to several Eagle Ford and Barnett Shale (mudrock) samples. Permeability results from this method are in fair agreement with those from the pulse-decay method. The traditional Gas Research Institute (GRI) method was applied to crushed-rock Eagle Ford Shale samples. The results were comparable to reported permeability for an Eagle Ford Shale sample. Particle or plug size has significant influence on permeability measurement. In general, permeability increases with increasing particle or plug size. For crushed sample with GRI method, the reason of increasing permeability is related to the limitation of the GRI technique and the data analysis method. Estimate of the permeability based on Kozeny–Carman Equation was conducted, and the results were used to evaluate the GRI permeability measurement. Particle size of 2–4 mm (5–10 meshes) is considered as an appropriate size for GRI permeability measurement. For plug sample, larger permeability with larger plug diameter is most likely caused by the artificial fractures. Higher confining pressure can reduce the influence of the fractures, but cannot fully remove it. A range of permeability, defined by the GRI permeability with 2–4 mm particles as the lower boundary and permeability of 1-in plug under high confining pressure (>5000 psi) as the upper boundary, can be a more reliable measures to represent the shale matrix permeability. The range of the permeability also highlights the uncertainty in matrix permeability measurement for shale.