液化场地桩-土地震相互作用p-y曲线分析方法研究

目前,我国尚缺乏液化场地桩-土-桥梁结构地震相互作用分析的合理数值模型与简化分析方法。鉴于此,直接针对振动台试验,基于非线性文克尔地基梁模型,考虑桩周参振土的质量惯性力、上部结构的惯性力、土体辐射阻尼等效应,建立了液化场地桩-土-桥梁结构地震相互作用的p-y曲线分析模型,并给出相应的简化方法。针对振动台试验进行了0.1g El Centro波输入下的分析,验证了桩-土地震相互作用分析方法的正确性,并且推荐了计算参数的合理选取方法,可用于液化场地桩-土地震相互作用的分析。提出的液化场地桩-土地震相互作用p-y曲线简化分析方法,为实际桥梁桩基抗震设计与分析提供一定参考。     

Evaluation of the exact conditional spectrum and generalized conditional intensity measure methods for ground motion selection

Two existing, contemporary ground motion selection and modification procedures – (i) exact conditional spectrum (CS‐exact) and (ii) generalized conditional intensity measure (GCIM) – are evaluated in their ability to accurately estimate seismic demand hazard curves (SDHCs) of a given structure at a specified site. The amount of effort involved in implementing these procedures to compute a single SDHC is studied, and a case study is chosen where rigorous benchmark SDHCs can be determined for evaluation purposes. By comparing estimates from ground motion selection and modification procedures with the benchmark, we conclude that estimates from CS‐exact are unbiased in many of the cases considered. The estimates from GCIM are even more accurate, as they are unbiased for most – but not all – of the cases where estimates from CS‐exact are biased. We find that it is possible to obtain biased SDHCs from GCIM, even after employing a very diverse collection of intensity measures to select ground motions and implementing its bias‐checking feature, because it is usually difficult to identify intensity measures that are truly ‘sufficient’ for the response of a complex, multi‐degree‐of‐freedom system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

砂土中单桩基础冲刷的修正应变楔计算

由冲刷引起的深水结构物桩基础周围土体损失致使基础水平承载性能下降的问题越发受到重视。应变楔方法假设桩前土体抵抗为三维楔形体,其尺寸发展与楔形体区域土体发挥的内摩擦角有关,从而得到水平受荷桩的p-y曲线。本文对应变楔方法进行修正和拓展,建立非线性位移假设以考虑桩前楔形体区域土体应变沿深度的非均匀分布,将冲刷坑底以上土体的有效自重作用等效为竖向荷载,对楔形体的深度进行修正,以解决楔形体方法只适用于地表水平的情况,得到砂土中单桩基础冲刷的修正应变楔计算方法;并通过与模型试验及三维有限元分析的对比来验证该方法的合理性。分析结果表明:冲刷深度增加会显著降低桩基水平承载性能,冲刷深度3.2D和6.4D情况下的桩顶位移比平均值分别趋近于1.8和3.0;相比有限元方法,本文修正SW方法计算的p-y曲线结果与实测结果更为接近。     

测氡仪K值变化对水氡测值的影响及校正

目前对测氡仪闪烁室K值变化引起水氡测值变化的校正方法存在明显的不合理性。利用曲线拟合方法拟合12个闪烁室K值变化的曲线方程,结果显示K值按二次曲线模型变化。采用该方法对甘肃武山22号井水氡进行重新校正,与之前的校正结果相比,重新校正的曲线连贯性和稳定性更好,且更趋于合理。分别分析武山22号井水氡新校正曲线、原始测值曲线和去台阶处理曲线与地震的对应关系,结果显示新校正的水氡曲线不仅在大地震前异常具有重现性特征,且在同一地震前与震中一定范围内其他台站的水氡异常具有同步性特性。这进一步表明,根据K值的变化机理对水氡测值进行重新校正是非常必要的。     

A comparison between different methods for determining grain distribution in coarse channel beds

The determination of grain size distribution in alluvial channels plays a crucial role in understanding fluvial dynamics and processes (e.g., hydraulic resistance, sediment transport and erosion, and habitat suitability). However, to determine an accurate distribution, tremendous field efforts are often required. Traditionally, the grain size distribution of channel beds have been obtained by manually counting a set of randomly selected stones (the“pebble count”). Based on this elementary principle, many authors have proposed different adaptations to overcome weaknesses and problems with the original method; with the development of digital technology, photographic methods have been developed in order to sig-nificantly reduce the time spent in the field. Two of these“image-assisted”methods include Automated Grain Sizing, AGS, and Manual Photo Sieving, MPS. In this study, AGS and MPS were applied under ideal laboratory conditions, to be used as reference, and in two field conditions with different degrees of difficulty in terms of visual determination of the grain size distribution; these included an artificial unlined channel and two natural mountainous streams. The results were compared with those obtained with the pebble-count method. In general, strong agreement between the methods was found when they were applied under favorable conditions (”the laboratory”), and the differences between the image-assisted and pebble count methods were similar to those found in previous studies. Despite being more time consuming, MPS was deemed preferable to AGS when conditions are not optimal;in these cases, the time spent on image elaboration significantly increased in the AGS method (approximately three-fold), but the estimation error of the median grain size decreased by approximately 37%. The use of image-assisted analysis has proven to be robust for characterizing sediment in watercourse beds and reducing fieldwork time, but because field conditions can significantly affect the accuracy of results, the method choice must be carefully considered.     

冻结和林黄土力学性质的试验研究

对饱和冻结和林黄土在-2℃的温度条件下进行了单轴压缩试验和围压范围为1~5MPa的三轴压缩试验。试验结果表明：单轴压缩的应力应变曲线为应变软化型曲线,而三轴压缩试验中各围压下的应力应变曲线均为应变硬化型曲线,围压主要影响冻结和林黄土的初始变形行为,而对后期的变形影响不大;各围压下冻结黄土的体积应变都呈现出先体缩后体胀的特征,总体变均较小;围压对冻结和林黄土的屈服极限和强度影响不大;研究了初始切线模量的确定方法,用修正的Duncan-Chang模型对不同应变范围内的试验数据进行拟合,并由此确定了相应的初始切线模量,发现在0~4%应变范围拟合试验数据确定初始切线模量最为合理。     

损伤和剪胀效应对裂隙煤体渗透率演化规律的影响研究

煤层瓦斯渗透率是影响瓦斯抽采和动力灾害防治的重要参数。为了研究煤体损伤和剪胀变形对渗透率的影响,首先引入损伤变量反映煤体损伤破坏状态,建立了基于体应变增量的煤体损伤本构模型。并采用Hurst指数表征裂隙表面粗糙度,基于裂隙表面的分形特征,建立了裂隙渗透率在压缩和剪切作用下的演化模型。通过对TOUGH2和FLAC3D软件进行二次开发,建立了基于双重孔隙模型的TOUGH2(CH4)-FLAC气-固耦合数值分析工具。采用本软件对煤样单轴压缩过程进行模拟分析,结果表明：煤体的破坏是损伤单元累积和贯通的结果,最终形成贯通煤体的损伤带是造成煤体失稳破坏的主因;围岩内的渗透率增加区域与损伤区位置基本一致,其中裂隙系统的渗透率增加幅度最大可达2个数量级;剪切破坏区的裂隙发生剪胀变形,引起裂隙渗透率大幅增加。建立的理论模型与数值计算工具为制定瓦斯治理措施提供了理论指导。     

岩土力学研究的一些反思

传统三轴试验径变形的测量多采用链式环状传感器,假设试件为对称破坏,呈X型或沿中心轴对称破坏为合理测量方式,绘制偏应力与体积应变曲线斜率没有意义,如果在三向等量加卸载下斜率具有含义。弹性阶段比例极限和峰值应力恒定,外加应力大于比例极限应力时比例极限和峰值应力随损伤变化。破坏区荷载与位移关系曲线是材料力学与结构综合体现,应将应力和应变改为视应力与视应变;传统的迟滞回线面积是能量耗散表征是不正确的,应是能量存储、转换和耗散表征;沿中心轴破坏应为拉破坏,能很好地解释岩体中拉裂纹现象,因此提出循环加卸载试验以卸载曲线线性段作为材料参数确定依据。对于孔隙连通材料,施加应力大于比例极限应力,在不排水任意应力状态水压力卸载至0,以卸载曲线的线性段决定相应材料参数,建议传统三轴试验改为50 mm×50 mm×100 mm六面体试件。在比例极限应力内,损伤变量恒定,在外加应力大于比例极限应力时,沿应力主轴各方向损伤演化不一致,且随应力路径变化。     

花岗岩张拉和压剪裂隙渗透率演化研究

地下工程开挖造成围岩破坏,其破坏方式可归纳分析为两类：张拉型破坏和压剪型破坏,这两种破坏导致的裂隙面的细观形态并不相同,这种不同的细观形态导致张拉和压剪型裂隙的渗透率表现出不同的演化规律。为此,对花岗岩进行了不同围压下三轴压缩试验,产生张拉和压剪型裂隙,进行含裂隙岩样在静水压力加载条件下渗透系数试验。试验表明,相比于含压剪裂隙试样,含张拉裂隙试样的渗透率对静水压力更敏感。进而,分别对不同围压条件下的三轴压缩试验获得的张拉和压剪裂隙面进行扫描电镜试验,获得张拉和压剪裂隙面的细观形态,花岗岩单轴压缩试验所产生的裂隙面表现为典型的张拉型裂隙,破裂面比较光滑;随着围压的不断增大,破裂面的细观形态发生明显的变化,从破裂面上可以明显地观察到逐渐增多的压剪型裂隙,破裂面比较粗糙。在静水压力的作用下,张拉裂隙较快闭合;而压剪裂隙的锯齿能够一定程度上阻止裂隙的闭合。张拉和压剪裂隙面的不同细观结构决定了含张拉和压剪裂隙岩样的不同渗透率演化规律。研究结果对于地下工程分析中确定围岩的渗透率具有一定的意义。     

低渗透油藏水平井注CO2井网优化与影响因素

针对低渗透油藏直井井网CO₂驱油的不足,以大庆某低渗区块为例,建立反七点水平井井网CO₂驱油地质模型。在物性参数相态拟合的基础上,对反七点水平井和五点直井两种不同井网模式的开发效果进行了对比,对反七点水平井井网参数进行了优化,同时对储层非均质(渗透率、储层非均质性、裂缝的发育情况等)进行了影响因素分析。研究表明：利用水平井注CO₂可以适当地增大井距、排距,减少井的数量,降低钻井成本;在生产制度相同的情况下水平井井网的开发效果要比直井井网的开发效果好;在水平井井网中,采出程度随着油井到水平井的垂直距离的比值变化而变化,当比值为1.4时采出程度最大;水平井注CO₂更适合低渗透正韵律储层;在储层裂缝发育的情况下,裂缝条数越多,CO₂在储层中的不均匀推进现象越明显,最终采出程度越低。