华北东部橄榄岩与岩石圈减薄中的地幔伸展和侵蚀置换作用

对比分析了华北不同时代捕虏体橄榄岩及其南部超高压地质体橄榄岩的矿物化学。具古老难熔岩石圈地幔特征的橄榄岩是古生代金伯利岩捕虏体和早中生代苏鲁变质带地质体的主要岩石类型。具这一性质的橄榄岩也构成了河南鹤壁上新世玄武岩捕虏体的主体部分,并可以在辽宁阜新晚中生代玄武岩中被发现。具饱满岩石圈地幔性质的橄榄岩则是阜新晚中生代火山岩、特别是郯庐断裂带(山旺)及其附近地区(栖霞)中新世玄武岩捕虏体的主要类型。从华北东部已有的捕虏体橄榄岩及地质体橄榄岩所表现出的新生饱满与古老难熔地幔的时、空分布特点,即有些地区捕虏体橄榄岩表现出不同性质地幔共存现象(如阜新、鹤壁)或橄榄石Mg#呈渐变关系看:克拉通岩石圈地幔因扬子板块俯冲所引起的早期(如早中生代)地幔伸展、和晚中生代—渐新世因太平洋俯冲所引起的热扰动的软流圈物质上涌对古老地幔产生强烈的侵蚀作用(引起岩石圈的巨大减薄);中新世以来的软流圈热沉降作用出现新生岩石圈地幔并表现为岩石圈的小幅增厚,从而实现地幔置换过程和华北东部岩石圈的整体减薄过程。岩石圈幔内薄弱带及岩石圈深断裂(如郯庐断裂带)起了软流圈物质侵蚀古老岩石圈地幔的通道作用并导引着深部物质运移和不规则减薄作用等。个别地区(如阜新)强烈的软流圈上涌于晚中生代就已经开始,显示地幔置换作用的强烈不均一性。     

Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism and exhumation of garnet peridotite in Pohorje, Eastern Alps

New evidence for ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphism (UHPM) in the Eastern Alps is reported from garnet‐bearing ultramafic rocks from the Pohorje Mountains in Slovenia. The garnet peridotites are closely associated with UHP kyanite eclogites. These rocks belong to the Lower Central Austroalpine basement unit of the Eastern Alps, exposed in the proximity of the Periadriatic fault. Ultramafic rocks have experienced a complex metamorphic history. On the basis of petrochemical data, garnet peridotites could have been derived from depleted mantle rocks that were subsequently metasomatized by melts and/or fluids either in the plagioclase‐peridotite or the spinel‐peridotite field. At least four stages of recrystallization have been identified in the garnet peridotites based on an analysis of reaction textures and mineral compositions. Stage I was most probably a spinel peridotite stage, as inferred from the presence of chromian spinel and aluminous pyroxenes. Stage II is a UHPM stage defined by the assemblage garnet + olivine + low‐Al orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + Cr‐spinel. Garnet formed as exsolutions from clinopyroxene, coronas around Cr‐spinel, and porphyroblasts. Stage III is a decompression stage, manifested by the formation of kelyphitic rims of high‐Al orthopyroxene, aluminous spinel, diopside and pargasitic hornblende replacing garnet. Stage IV is represented by the formation of tremolitic amphibole, chlorite, serpentine and talc. Geothermobarometric calculations using (i) garnet‐olivine and garnet‐orthopyroxene Fe‐Mg exchange thermometers and (ii) the Al‐in‐orthopyroxene barometer indicate that the peak of metamorphism (stage II) occurred at conditions of around 900 °C and 4 GPa. These results suggest that garnet peridotites in the Pohorje Mountains experienced UHPM during the Cretaceous orogeny. We propose that UHPM resulted from deep subduction of continental crust, which incorporated mantle peridotites from the upper plate, in an intracontinental subduction zone. Sinking of the overlying mantle and lower crustal wedge into the asthenosphere (slab extraction) caused the main stage of unroofing of the UHP rocks during the Upper Cretaceous. Final exhumation was achieved by Miocene extensional core complex formation.     

Deep mantle roots and continental emergence: implications for whole-Earth elemental cycling,long-term climate,and the Cambrian explosion

Elevations on Earth are dominantly controlled by crustal buoyancy, primarily through variations in crustal thickness: continents ride higher than ocean basins because they are underlain by thicker crust. Mountain building, where crust is magmatically or tectonically thickened, is thus key to making continents. However, most of the continents have long passed their mountain building origins, having since subsided back to near sea level. The elevations of the old, stable continents are lower than that expected for their crustal thicknesses, requiring a subcrustal component of negative buoyancy that develops after mountain building. While initial subsidence is driven by crustal erosion, thermal relaxation through growth of a cold thermal boundary layer provides the negative buoyancy that causes continents to subside further. The maximum thickness of this thermal boundary layer is controlled by the thickness of a chemically and rheologically distinct continental mantle root, formed during large-scale mantle melting billions of years ago. The final resting elevation of a stabilized continent is controlled by the thickness of this thermal boundary layer and the temperature of the Earth’s mantle, such that continents ride higher in a cooler mantle and lower in a hot mantle. Constrained by the thermal history of the Earth, continents are predicted to have been mostly below sea level for most of Earth’s history, with areas of land being confined to narrow strips of active mountain building. Large-scale emergence of stable continents occurred late in Earth’s history (Neoproterozoic) over a 100–300 million year transition, irreversibly altering the surface of the Earth in terms of weathering, climate, biogeochemical cycling and the evolution of life. Climate during the transition would be expected to be unstable, swinging back and forth between icehouse and greenhouse states as higher order fluctuations in mantle dynamics would cause the Earth to fluctuate rapidly between water and terrestrial worlds.     

Review of melting experiments on carbonated eclogite and peridotite: insights into mantle metasomatism

Experimental studies on the partial melting of eclogite and peridotite provide important clues on mantle metasomatism. Here, we review results from some of the recent experiments and show that melting of carbonated eclogite and peridotite can produce carbonatitic to carbonated silicate melt, in which carbonates melt preferentially before Ti oxides and silicates. Low-degree melting results in carbonatitic melt coexisting with Ti oxides and silicates. This process also leads to the fractionation between some high-field strength elements (Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, and HREE) and highly incompatible elements (U and Th) in the melt. When Ti oxides are nearly exhausted in eclogite, extremely high TiO₂ contents (e.g. 19 wt.%) are present in the melt with marked concentration of Nb and Ta. These results help to explain the features of carbonatitic metasomatism and the Nb–Ta spike in oceanic island basalts as identified in experimental studies. These studies also explain the reducing conditions that stabilize diamond in the deep mantle (>150 km) as well as the occurrence of diamond at different depths reported in various studies. Melting in such a reduced mantle can happen through redox reaction between diamond, pyroxene, and olivine, in which the initial liquid is a carbonated silicate melt. However, the theoretical oxygen fugacity (fO₂) in the asthenosphere is much lower than that predicted by the reaction and requires elevated fO₂, which can be caused by the addition of relatively oxidized materials from the lower mantle, deep asthenospheric material, and various recycled components. A combination of these processes generates locally oxidized domains in the deep mantle.     

Major and trace elements of abyssal peridotites: evidence for melt refertilization beneath the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge (53° E segment)

This study examines the geochemistry of major and trace elements of abyssal peridotites from the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) (53° E amagmatic segment), to determine the influence of mafic melts on mantle peridotites during melt extraction. The results show a great geochemical variability in the ~90 km-long ridge segment, with a degree of mantle melting ranging from 4% to 24%. An ancient melting event may explain the presence of highly depleted peridotites at the ultraslow-spreading ridge. The 53° E segment peridotites show enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREEs) (average La_N/Sm_N = 1.87) and significant positive anomaly of U and Pb normalized to primitive mantle (PM). The positive correlations between LREEs (La, Ce, Pr, Nd) and high field strength elements (HFSEs; e.g. Nb and Zr) suggest that the enrichment of LREEs is caused by melt refertilization, which is also supported by prevalent magmatic microstructures in the peridotites. The melt refertilization model shows that the addition of 0.02–2.7% basaltic melts to peridotites can be responsible for the LREE enrichment. We suggest that the positive anomaly of U is probably attributed to fluid alteration whereas the enrichment of Pb is probably attributed to both melt refertilization and fluid alteration. Melt refertilization in the 53° E segment peridotites may be a result of melt–rock reaction and crystallization of melts trapped in peridotites. These processes may be enhanced by increased melt permeability in the mantle owing to the refractory peridotites produced by ancient melting and the decreasing efficiency of melt extraction in the cold and thick lithosphere at the 53° E ridge segment. The presence of melt refertilization implies that melt extraction is incomplete in the ridge mantle, which may be one of the reasons for the extremely thin and irregular variation of the crustal thickness at ultraslow-spreading ridges.     

汉诺坝-阳原火成碳酸岩成因探讨

大多数幔源硅酸盐岩浆都含少量碳酸盐岩浆,这些少量的碳酸盐岩浆在地幔演化中起了非同寻常的作用。本文报道了发现于汉诺坝、阳原地区新生代玄武岩中鲜见的火成碳酸岩。碳酸岩脉贯穿于玄武岩及其捕虏体橄榄岩,并导致橄榄岩强烈的碳酸盐化现象。碳酸岩脉主要由方解石组成(90%以上),岩石类型为方解石碳酸岩,含少量被裹挟的地幔橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石和尖晶石等矿物。碳酸岩化橄榄岩由原先的黄、绿色变为紫褐色,灰白色网状碳酸岩细脉穿插其中。碳酸岩脉和碳酸盐化橄榄岩的全岩稀土含量很低(∑REE=8.7×10-6～13.7×10-6),球粒陨石标准化REE模式呈LREE略微富集(～10×球粒陨石)分布模式,微量元素也只显示轻微富集(数倍于原始地幔),它们的δ13C均为负值(-11.2‰～-12.3‰),δ18O均为正值(22.0‰～22.6‰)。碳酸岩的Sr、Nd、Pb同位素组成均显示富集(87Sr/86Sr=0.7078～0.7079,143Nd/144Nd=0.5129,206Pb/204Pb=18.0,207Pb/204Pb=15.5,208Pb/204Pb=38.0)。由于碳酸盐岩浆喷出地表后易于风化,导致REE、微量元素和同位素组成明显偏离原生火成碳酸岩。但从张北少数新鲜碳酸岩所具有的原生火成碳酸岩的C、O同位素组成(δ13C=-5.7‰～-7.3‰,δ18O=8.5‰～10.1‰)特征,以及接沙坝碳酸岩的正εNd(5.3～5.5)为亏损地幔的特征,表明汉诺坝碳酸岩与玄武岩的同源性——它们都来自地幔。     

北秦岭松树沟橄榄岩与铬铁矿矿床的成因关系

松树沟橄榄岩体是秦岭造山带中规模最大的赋存铬铁矿床的超基性岩体。松树沟橄榄岩主要由细粒橄榄岩质糜棱岩和中粗粒橄榄岩组成。本文通过对松树沟橄榄岩的岩相学、主微量、稀土元素地球化学的系统研究,认为松树沟细粒方辉橄榄岩为洋脊扩张过程中地幔岩减压-近分离熔融产生的残留体,细粒纯橄岩主要由地幔橄榄岩熔融残留橄榄石、消耗辉石的减压熔融反应:aCpx+bOpx+cSpl=dOl+1Melt生成的橄榄石和少量的地幔方辉橄榄岩残留体组成,但均受到了后期渗滤熔体的再富集作用;中粗粒纯橄岩和方辉橄榄岩主要为上述反应产生的渗滤熔体被圈闭在迁移通道或减压扩容带内在热边界层(TBL)通过反应:MeltA=Ol+MeltB冷凝结晶而成,属堆晶橄榄岩。Pb-Sr-Nd同位素地球化学的证据显示,松树沟橄榄岩与基性岩具有共同的地幔源区,二者同为松树沟蛇绿岩的重要组成部分。通过矿床地质特征及铬铁矿电子探针测试研究,认为松树沟铬铁矿床是产于中粗粒堆晶纯橄岩中的层状铬铁矿床,形成于格林威尔期松树沟洋盆的扩张过程中,是中粗粒纯橄岩在热边界层(TBL)的冷凝结晶过程中岩浆分异作用的产物。     

马里亚纳南部前弧橄榄岩的岩石及矿物学:对弧下地幔楔交代作用的指示

描述了来自马里亚纳南部前弧的橄榄岩,并对其中的组成矿物进行了电子探针分析,结果显示来自马里亚纳南部前弧橄榄岩中普遍含角闪石,这些角闪石主要为镁角闪石—透闪石系列,其中Al2O3含量变化范围大约为0-10%。橄榄岩中尖晶石的化学组成变化规律与角闪石的出现及其成分有着较好的耦合关系:出现富Al2O3角闪石的橄榄岩中的尖晶石富Al贫Cr;贫Al2O3角闪石大量出现的橄榄岩中尖晶石相对贫Al富Fe3 。这暗示马里亚纳弧下地幔楔橄榄岩经历了两期比较明显的交代作用:①早期较高温压条件下富Al和Ca的含水流体(熔体)的交代作用,消耗斜方辉石,形成富Al2O3角闪石,并引起尖晶石的富Al贫Cr的成分演化;②晚期较低温压条件下富Ca的含水流体(熔体)的交代作用,继续交代残余的斜方辉石,形成贫Al2O3角闪石,并使尖晶石发生富Fe3 贫Al。