南四湖地区水环境问题探析

末次盛冰期（ＬＧＭ）是太阳辐射异常处于极低值,北半球第四纪冰流规模处于峰值,两万年来距人类环境最近但与现代气候有着巨大反差的特殊时期,７０年代以来由于新资料不断积累,气候模拟技术发展,海洋大陆冰流各圈层的相关和偶合,传统的气候指标和新的气候指标的认识和应用,以及区域性和全球性的国际合作,在ＬＧＭ古气候环境领域已经取得了巨大进展,本文根据数个国际ＬＧＭ合作计划研究成果,综述９０年代以来全球对ＬＧＭ研     

The seasonal cycle of redistribution of atmospheric mass between continent and ocean in the Northern Hemisphere

Using NCEP/NCAR and ERA-40 reanalyses,we studied the seasonal cycle of redistribution of air mass between continents and oceans over the Northern Hemisphere.Our results demonstrate that air mass in the Northern Hemisphere shifts clearly between continents and oceans when the season cycles.In July,the air mass reaches its lowest over Eurasia and its highest over the Pacific,and the opposite occurs in January.However,a different scenario is observed over the north Atlantic;the accumulated air mass reaches its maximum there in May.The maintenance of the accumulation or loss of air mass in a region is found to be related to the areal mean air mass flux divergence and the difference between precipitation and evaporation in an air column.The zonal-vertical circulations change with season,with the air ascent and decent reversed between land and sea.Besides,there also exists a noticeable difference of water vapor content of the air between continents and oceans,and this difference is season-dependent.Physically,the vapor content is able to significantly affect the atmosphere in absorbing solar short-and earth’s long-wave radiations,hence influencing atmospheric thermal conditions.The land-sea thermal contrasts inclusive of the diabatic heating rate changes their signs with season going on,resulting in the reversal of orientations of the temperature gradient.These thermal forcings not only facilitate the formation of the monsoons but also indirectly induce the seasonal cycle of the air mass exchanging over regions between continents and oceans.     

《海国图志》的地图学价值与现实意义

中国近代史上开眼看世界第一书《四洲志》的主编林则徐,亲自命名并委托魏源担任主编完成的《海国图志》,于1842-1852年连续3次出版,迅速传到日本并被争相购买,而在中国却被皇宫束之高阁。直至1978年中国实施改革开放,史地学界开始了研究《海国图志》的热潮,并高度评价其为“最完备的介绍世界历史地理的鸿篇巨著”、“中国近代第一本自编世界地图集”等。为了探索《海国图志》的成功秘诀,本文首先分析了《海国图志》100卷版内容构成,概括了《海国图志》发表后在中国与日本的不同反响;接着,重点探讨了《海图图志》的“设计思想、内容编排、编纂技术”等方面的地图学价值,以及”师夷长技以制夷”的编辑策略,着重于资料真伪分辨和发挥综合体裁协同效果等成功经验;最后,呼吁当今地图工作者努力吸取《海国图志》的宝贵经验,尽快编纂出版一本“内容真实、大型综合、服务民众”的综合性世界地图集。     

龙门山断裂带走滑方向的反转及其沉积与地貌标志

根据龙门山前陆盆地西缘沉降中心、冲积扇侧向迁移、活动构造地貌和古地磁等标志及龙门山在中生代以来的走滑作用和走滑方向的标定研究,结果表明:龙门山断裂带具有走滑性质,走滑方向曾发生过反转,在反转之前以左行走滑作用为特征,在反转之后以右行走滑作用为特征。根据地层记录和古地磁证据,认为龙门山走滑方向反转的时间应介于43 M a~3.6 M a之间,即由中生代至早新生代时期的左行走滑作用反转为晚新生代时期的右行走滑作用。然对龙门山断裂带走滑方向反转的成因初步分析认为晚新生代龙门山右行走滑作用是印-亚碰撞后构造作用的产物,晚三叠世至早新生代左行走滑作用是青藏高原自晚三叠世以来大陆碰撞作用导致松潘-甘孜褶皱带北东-南西向缩短的产物。     

Deep mantle roots and continental emergence: implications for whole-Earth elemental cycling,long-term climate,and the Cambrian explosion

Elevations on Earth are dominantly controlled by crustal buoyancy, primarily through variations in crustal thickness: continents ride higher than ocean basins because they are underlain by thicker crust. Mountain building, where crust is magmatically or tectonically thickened, is thus key to making continents. However, most of the continents have long passed their mountain building origins, having since subsided back to near sea level. The elevations of the old, stable continents are lower than that expected for their crustal thicknesses, requiring a subcrustal component of negative buoyancy that develops after mountain building. While initial subsidence is driven by crustal erosion, thermal relaxation through growth of a cold thermal boundary layer provides the negative buoyancy that causes continents to subside further. The maximum thickness of this thermal boundary layer is controlled by the thickness of a chemically and rheologically distinct continental mantle root, formed during large-scale mantle melting billions of years ago. The final resting elevation of a stabilized continent is controlled by the thickness of this thermal boundary layer and the temperature of the Earth’s mantle, such that continents ride higher in a cooler mantle and lower in a hot mantle. Constrained by the thermal history of the Earth, continents are predicted to have been mostly below sea level for most of Earth’s history, with areas of land being confined to narrow strips of active mountain building. Large-scale emergence of stable continents occurred late in Earth’s history (Neoproterozoic) over a 100–300 million year transition, irreversibly altering the surface of the Earth in terms of weathering, climate, biogeochemical cycling and the evolution of life. Climate during the transition would be expected to be unstable, swinging back and forth between icehouse and greenhouse states as higher order fluctuations in mantle dynamics would cause the Earth to fluctuate rapidly between water and terrestrial worlds.     

Three-dimensional numerical simulations of crustal deformation and subcontinental mantle convection

3-D simulations of mantle convection allowing for continental crust are explored to study the effects of crustal thickening on lithosphere stability and of continents on large-scale mantle flow. Simulations begin with a crustal layer within the upper thermal boundary layer of a mantle convection roll in a 1 × 1 × 1 Cartesian domain. Convective stresses cause crust to thicken above a sheet-like mantle downwelling. For mild convective vigor an initial crustal thickness variation is required to induce 3-D lithospheric instability below the zone of crustal convergence. The amplitude of the required variation decreases with increasing convective vigor. Morphologically, instability is manifest in formation of drip-like thermals that exist within the large-scale roll associated with initial crustal thickening. A strong surface signature of the drips is their ability to cause deviations from local Airy compensation of topography. After the initial thickening phase, the crustal accumulation that forms serves as a model analog to a continent. Its presence leads to mantle flow patterns distinctly different from the steady-state roll that results in its absence. Large lateral thermal gradients are generated at its edge allowing this region to be the initiation site for continued small-scale thermal instabilities. Eventually these instabilities induce a restructuring of large-scale mantle flow, with the roll pattern being replaced by a square cell. Although preliminary and idealized, the simulations do show the fluid dynamical plausibility behind the idea that significant mantle variations can be generated along the strike of a largely 2-D mountain chain by the formation of the chain itself. The ability of a model continent to cause a change in fundamental convective planform also suggests that the effects of continental crust on mantle convection may be low-order despite the seemingly trivial volume of crust relative to mantle.     

Les continents péri-atlantiques au crétacé supérieur: Migrations des faunes continentales et problèmes paléogéographiques

Terrestrial vertebrates offer possibilities of reconstructing the migrations by land-routes followed during the late Cretaceous on the peri-Atlantic continents (North America, South America, Europe, Africa). South America and Africa were not separated before the Aptian. Later, migrations could still have occurred between Africa and South America during the late Cretaceous by a land-route (probably discontinuous) situated on the Rio Grande Rise-Walvis Ridge barrier; it is not impossible that some amphibia used this route. In Laurasia, two provinces were largely separated during the early part of the late Cretaceous: Euramerica and Asiamerica in the terminology of Cox (1974), (that is, Europe plus eastern North America and Asia plus western North America). During the latest Cretaceous, western North America became connected with Euramerica, but probably separated from Asia. During the latest Cretaceous, a route, probably terrestrial, permitted important faunal exchanges between South America and Laurasia; this connection was situated in the Caribbean region, perhaps where Central America is today. Limited faunal exchange occurred between Euramerica and North Africa.     

青藏高原东缘中新生代龙门山前陆盆地动力学及其与大陆碰撞作用的耦合关系

位于青藏高原东缘的龙门山前陆盆地是中国典型的前陆盆地之一。自晚三叠世以来,该盆地充填了厚度大于1万余米的海相至陆相沉积物,以不整合面为界可将其划分为6个构造层序,根据几何形态将构造层序区分为两种类型,即楔状构造层序和板状构造层序,其中晚三叠世、晚侏罗世、晚白垩世—古近纪构造层序为楔状构造层序,其余为板状构造层序。研究结果表明楔状构造层序为逆冲构造负载的产物,板状构造层序为走滑剥蚀卸载的产物。本次以晚三叠世前陆盆地为典型的楔状前陆盆地开展了逆冲构造负载系统的弹性挠曲动力学模拟,以晚新生代龙门山前陆盆地为典型的板状前陆盆地开展了与走滑剥蚀卸载系统的弹性挠曲动力学模拟,并计算了龙门山构造负载系统向扬子克拉通的推进速率,结果表明龙门山造山楔的推进速率在早期较快(如晚三叠世最大推进速率达15mm/a),晚期较慢(如晚侏罗世、晚白垩世—古近纪最大推进速率仅为6.7mm/a)。进而推测龙门山幕式逆冲作用的构造驱动力来自于青藏高原中生代以来的基麦里大陆加积碰撞和印度与亚洲板块碰撞作用,其中晚三叠世楔状构造层序是羌塘板块与亚洲大陆碰撞的产物,晚侏罗世楔状构造层序是拉萨板块与亚洲大陆碰撞的产物,晚白垩世—古近纪楔状构造层序是科希斯坦板块、印度板块与亚洲大陆碰撞的产物。     

古亚洲洋和古特提斯洋的闭合时代——论二叠纪末生物灭绝事件的构造起因

通过对比分析华南地块和基墨里大陆（包括保山、缅泰和羌塘地块）间、华北和西伯利亚地块间的古纬度和纬度运移量,分别确定了古特提斯洋和古亚洲洋的闭合时代。结果表明：（1）基墨里大陆东部的保山地块与华南地块于晚二叠世碰撞,然后继续和华南地块、缅泰地块、羌塘地块一起向北漂移,直到晚三叠世,即在云南三江地区,古特提斯洋的闭合时代为晚二叠世晚期; （2）早二叠世西伯利亚地块开始快速向南漂移,并于二叠纪末期（～250 Ma）和华北地块发生碰撞,即位于两地块间古亚洲洋最终闭合时代为二叠纪末;（3）峨眉山和西伯利亚两个大火成岩省的形成时代和大洋的闭合时代吻合,而大火成岩省在时间上又与全球生物灭绝事件吻合,进而推断二叠纪末的生物灭绝事件可能与古亚洲洋和古特提斯洋的闭合密切相关。     

苏鲁造山带北侧构造演化的几何学运动学特征

横穿诸城凹陷的南北向反射地震剖面揭示,苏鲁造山带北侧边界的中上地壳中存在着三层结构,即上部的胶莱盆地沉积盖层、中部的苏鲁楔状地体和下部代表华北板块的胶北地体;诸城凹陷边缘和内部断裂均显示同沉积正断层性质,苏鲁楔状地体中发育一组向北仰起的叠瓦状逆冲断层,而胶北地体显示了向南俯冲的态势.由此而论,可能存在着华北板块与扬子板块相向俯冲于苏鲁地体之下的陆陆碰撞机制,苏鲁地体可能具有与大别地体相似的花状造山带结构.