松南气田火山岩气藏单相渗流机理研究

火山岩气藏具有岩石类型多、岩性复杂、岩性岩相变化快、厚度变化大、非均质性强等特点,该类气藏的渗流机理比较复杂。为了更深入的了解火山岩气藏的渗流特性,以松南气田火山岩气藏岩心为目标,建立储层的物理模型,基于单相渗流理论,采用实验分析的方法,通过单相气体非线性渗流实验,得出了不同渗透率的火山岩气藏在不同孔隙压力下的滑脱效应大小,以此解释火山岩气藏的渗流机理,为火山岩气藏的产能预测、产量递减规律、可采储量的评价、气井合理配产等提供理论依据。     

Estimating agricultural deep drainage lag times to groundwater: application to Antelope Valley,California, USA

Estimates of groundwater volumes available in semiarid regions that rely on water balance calculations require the determination of both surface to groundwater lag times and volumes from irrigation or rainfall initiated recharge. Subsurface geologic material hydraulic properties (e.g. hydraulic conductivities, water retention functions) necessary for unsaturated flow modelling are rarely available as are the instrumented field tests that might determine such lag times. Here we develop a simple two‐parameter (specific yield, S_y, and pore‐size distribution index, λ), one‐dimensional unsaturated flow model from simplifications of the Richards equation (using the Brooks‐Corey relationships) to determine lag times from agricultural deep drainage associated with the irrigation of alfalfa hay and various row crops in the Antelope Valley of California, USA. Model‐predicted lag times to depths of 85 m bgs (below ground surface) were similar to that measured in a 2‐year ponded recharge field trial, slightly overestimating that measured by approximately 15% (0.51 vs 0.44 years). Lag time estimates were most sensitive to estimated deep percolation rates and roughly equally sensitive to the model hydraulic parameters. Generally, as subsurface material textures coarsen towards larger S_y and λ values for all S_y >10%, lag times progressively increase; however, at S_y <10%, lag times decrease substantially suggesting that particular combinations of S_y and λ values that may be associated with similarly textured materials can result in the prediction of different lag times for S_y approximately 10%. Overall, lag times of 1–3 years to a depth of 69 m bgs were estimated from deep drainage of agricultural irrigation across a variety of irrigation schedules and subsurface materials. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Origin of Fe-rich lherzolites and wehrlites from Tok,SE Siberia by reactive melt percolation in refractory mantle peridotites

Lherzolite–wehrlite (LW) series xenoliths from the quaternary Tok volcanic field in the southeastern Siberian craton are distinguished from the more common lherzolite–harzburgite (LH) series by (a) low Mg numbers (0.84–0.89) at high modal olivine (66–84%) and (b) widespread replacement of orthopyroxene (0–12%) and spinel by clinopyroxene (7–22%). The LW series peridotites are typically enriched in Ca, Fe, Mn and Ti, and depleted in Si, Ni and Cr relative to refractory LH series rocks (Mg number ≥0.89), which are metasomatised partial melting residues. Numerical modelling of Fe–Mg solid/liquid exchange during melt percolation demonstrates that LW series rocks can form by reaction of host refractory peridotites with evolved (Mg numbers 0.6–0.7), silica-undersaturated silicate melts at high melt/rock ratios, which replace orthopyroxene with clinopyroxene and decrease Mg numbers. This process is most likely related to underplating and fractionation of basaltic magma in the shallow mantle, which also produced olivine–clinopyroxene cumulates found among the Tok xenoliths.     

Morphometry of Quartz Aggregates in Granites: Fractal Images Referring to Nucleation and Growth Processes

Knowledge of mineral aggregate morphologies is of importance to analyze characteristic differences in rock-forming features. For quantifying these differences, the fractal geometry of quartz aggregate cuts digitized from polish sections of different types of granites has been studied. As an approach to measure fractal dimension (D), a power-law dependence of square of aggregate cuts on their linear size has been used. The D values thus calculated mainly increase from 1.48–1.62 for amazonite granites to 1.63–1.70 for alaskite granites and 1.75–1.81 for standard granites. To account for the data of morphometry, the model of nucleation and growth as applied to silicate melt freezing has been considered. For comparison between the nature and model textures, the fractal properties of cluster cuts in the system of overlapping spheres randomly distributed with random radii have been investigated through computer simulation. It has been demonstrated that the distributions of quartz aggregates in granites may be simulated by homogeneous or heterogeneous Poisson models, and both order of crystallization and metamorphic recrystallization should be taken for explaining textural variability. The results of the simulation have enabled the granitic texture to be discussed with respect to the random configuration of the spatial percolation cluster.     

Chemical denudation on a magnesian limestone hillslope,field evidence and implications for modelling

The pattern of relative denudation at the soil-bedrock interface over a wooded Magnesian Limestone hillslope was investigated using micro-weight loss bedrock tablets. The resulting pattern of weight loss after emplacement for one year indicated a consistent upslope increase in solutional denudation. Results from tablets emplaced for two years confirmed this. Dye tracing and gypsum sphere weight loss results showed that water movement over the slope was by vertical percolation and not by throughflow. The pattern of solutional denudation was related to changes in soil type and associated changes in soil pH. Continued slope development by solutional denudation will ultimately lead to slope decline. Comparison with a similar study suggests that a general soil chemistry based model of hillslope solutional denudation can be proposed.     

Experimental and theoretical investigations of drainage in horizontal rough-walled fractures with different correlation structures

Experiments on the immiscible displacement of water by air were performed in two horizontal artificial open rough-walled fractures with different correlation structures. The aperture field of the first fracture has a Gaussian variogram with a finite correlation length, while that of the second one has a power-law variogram, for which no finite correlation length can be assigned. We simulated the displacement process using an invasion percolation model, which takes the in-plane curvature of the interface between water and air into account. The correlation structure of the aperture field has no effect on the irregularity of the shape of the air clusters. However, the correlation structure in combination with the in-plane curvature influences the density of the air clusters and thus has an impact on characteristic properties of the flow. We analyze the model parameters and properties with respect to the fracture properties. The stochastic average of the air clusters for models with different curvature numbers and fields with different correlation lengths is then calculated in order to analyze their influence on continuum approach models.     

科尔沁沙地沙丘水分深层渗漏量和侧向运移量

沙丘水分的深层渗漏和侧向运移与深层土壤水、地下水及相邻丘间低地的水分状况密切关联。以科尔沁沙地典型流动沙丘迎风坡坡底\,迎风坡坡中、坡顶、背风坡坡中和背风坡坡底监测点为例,采用自制的水分渗漏量及侧向运移量的监测装置,测定了科尔沁沙地流动沙丘各坡位入渗到0~100 cm土层雨水沿坡面的侧向运移量及入渗到100 cm以下的深层渗漏量。结果表明:生长季(5-10月)流动沙丘坡顶、迎风坡坡中、背风坡坡中、背风坡坡底处累积深层渗漏量分别为44.46、78.65、61.84、147.6 mm,分别占同期降雨量的17.03%、30.12%、23.68%、56.53%;迎风坡坡中、背风坡坡中、背风坡坡底处的累积侧向运移量分别为32.35、96.47、82.59mm,分别占同期降雨量的12.39%、36.95%、31.63%。迎风坡坡中(P<0.01)和坡顶(P<0.05)的月深层渗漏量与月降雨量均显著正相关;背风坡坡中(P<0.01)和背风坡坡底(P<0.05)的月侧向运移量与降雨量均显著正相关。