不同加载方向条件下堆石料剪胀特性试验研究

剪胀方程描述的是塑性应变增量比例大小的变化规律,是构建弹塑性模型的重要组成部分。然而目前堆石料的剪胀方程大都是根据等围压 路径得到的,这些剪胀方程是否能反映不同应力路径条件下堆石料的剪胀规律还尚不明了。开展了等围压 、等轴向力 、等平均主应力p、等主应力比 共4种应力路径下的堆石料大型三轴试验,研究了应力路径对堆石料剪胀规律的影响。试验表明：不同路径的剪胀比 和应力比 均呈近似线性关系,但剪胀比与应力比不存在一致的关系,表现出明显的应力路径相关性;在 - 空间中,剪胀线随着应力增量方向的变化会发生平移和转动,其斜率 和截距参数 均随 ( )的增大而增大;目前的剪胀理论不能较好地描述剪胀的应力路径相关性,提出了一个考虑应力增量方向影响的修正剪胀方程并对其进行了试验验证。     

主应力方向和初始成样含水率对饱和重塑粉土单调剪切特性的影响

利用“土工静力-动力液压-三轴扭转多功能剪切仪”,针对初始成样含水率分别为0、5%、10%,夯击法制备的饱和重塑粉土试样,在初始主应力方向角分别为0o、30o、45o的条件下进行非均等固结,然后保持平均主应力100 kPa、中主应力系数0.5、各主应力方向角以及加载速率恒定进行了应力控制式不排水单调剪切试验。着重探讨了主应力方向和初始成样含水率对饱和重塑粉土应力-应变关系、孔隙水压力变化及有效应力路径等的影响。试验结果表明：主应力方向和初始成样含水率对饱和重塑粉土的变形及强度特性具有显著影响。初始成样含水率影响应力-应变关系,对剪切强度影响不太显著,但破坏标准的选择对试验结果影响明显,干装样的孔压值低于湿装样;各种初始成样含水率的归一化剪切强度均随着主应力方向的增加而逐渐降低,而归一化孔压最大值则呈现增大的趋势     

砂岩加卸载条件下能耗特征试验研究

采用MTS815刚性伺服试验机,对砂岩进行了单轴、三轴压缩和三轴峰后卸围压试验,对比研究了砂岩在加卸载试验条件下的能耗特征。结果表明,单轴压缩各能耗指标值均小于三轴压缩和三轴峰后卸围压,三轴峰后卸围压介于单轴与三轴压缩之间。三轴压缩和三轴峰后卸围压各能耗指标均具有明显的围压效应,随着围压的升高而线性增大。单轴压缩时砂岩表现为突发性的脆性破坏,初期储存的弹性应变能瞬间几乎全部转化为耗散能,成为岩样破坏时所表现出的一切现象的源动力;三轴压缩时砂岩表现为从局部破坏到整体失稳的渐进过程,耗散能所占吸收能量的比例越来越大,表现为明显的能量耗散,能量耗散发展到一定程度表现为明显的能量释放,随即岩石整体失稳破坏。     

非线性插值地震射线追踪方法

针对走时线性插值法(LTI)的计算精度问题,利用非线性插值替代传统的线性插值。该方法利用边界上多个节点的走时,使得插值误差减小,从而提高整体边界网格离散点走时精度,同时保留LTI所具有快速、全局性的优点。数值模拟结果表明,非线性插值算法比LTI算法精度高,可以追踪包括直达波、折射波、透射波等多种射线路径,适合速度突变模型。     

干湿路径影响粉土小应变剪切模量的试验研究

天然土尤其是地表浅层土常处于非饱和状态,其小应变剪切模量是预测地基变形及土工结构物动力反应的一个重要参数。通过对非饱和压实粉土三轴样进行弯曲元试验,研究了吸力和干湿路径对其小应变剪切模量的影响。试验结果表明,非饱和压实粉土样的小应变剪切模量各向异性忽略不计;小应变剪切模量G0(vh)、G0(hh)和G0(hv)均随吸力增大而非线性增大;同一吸力下不同干湿路径上的土样,饱和度不同,其小应变剪切模量随饱和度升高而减小,主要原因是土的平均骨架应力和土中毛细水的作用。根据试验结果对非饱和土小应变剪切模量的半经验公式进行了改进,同时考虑了吸力与饱和度的作用。     

湛江强结构性黏土强度特性的应力路径效应

为探讨湛江强结构性原状土与相应重塑土在不同应力路径下的强度特性及其与结构性的关联性,开展了在不同固结条件下的主动压缩、被动压缩、主动伸长3种应力路径试验,分析了该强结构性黏土在不同应力条件下的力学性状与强度特性。结果表明,湛江黏土的剪切破坏形态主要是单一型、双交叉剪切带与“腰鼓”型3类,应力-应变特性主要为轻度应变软化、强烈应变软化、轻度应变硬化、强烈应变硬化4类;偏压固结下试样破坏应变小于等压固结相应值,破坏强度及初始弹性模量比后者大;不同应力路径下土的强度差异主要反映在结构屈服前有效黏聚力的不同,结构屈服前,原状土的黏聚力高于重塑土的黏聚力,内摩擦角小于后者;结构屈服后,黏聚力逐渐减小,内摩擦角略有增大。原状土到重塑土的转变过程是黏聚力与内摩擦力在土体内部相互消长的过程,强结构性黏土在结构屈服前的强度指标具有较强应力路径依赖性。     

One- and two-dimensional thermal modelling of orogenic crustal extension in the Tormes Gneissic Dome, NW Iberian Massif, Spain

 Situated in the inner zone of the Variscan Iberian Massif, the Tormes Gneissic Dome offers a good opportunity for thermal modelling of orogenic crustal extension, because the P–T–t loops are well constrained by an extensive set of thermobarometric, structural and geochronological data. As an example of feedback between forward and inverse methods, the aim of this study was to establish one- and two-dimensional thermal models that reproduce the contrasting petrological P–T paths of two structural units separated by an extensional tectonic contact in the metamorphic complex, and to explain the spatial and temporary development of the low-pressure metamorphism in the rocks located just above this contact. In one dimension, the syn-extension path of the lower unit resulting from modelling is characterized by an isothermal decompression phase, followed by near isobaric cooling, which is typical of exhumed rocks. The upper unit path records a syn-extension near isobaric heating, more important in rocks just above the tectonic contact. Condensed isograds of low-pressure/high-temperature metamorphism in the basal upper unit are thus interpreted as a consequence of advective crustal extension and conductive upward heat transfer. In two dimensions, the delaminated simple shear geometric model of crustal extension explains the observed temperature rise in excess of 500  °C in the basal upper unit and is consistent with the spatial distribution of M2 low-pressure/high-temperature isograds. This demonstrates the important role of extensional structures produced during the collapse of the thickened crust in the thermal evolution. The heating phase, well explained with intermediate dip angle for extensional fault in the upper crust (45°) and finite extension of 75 km, is followed by cooling, thus reflecting normal erosional process. Received: 1 September 1998 / Accepted: 29 June 1999     

基于卫星高度计资料的黑潮入侵南海流径的时间变化规律研究

黑潮入侵南海对南海的温盐平衡、环流、涡旋和局地气候等具有重要作用。基于吕宋海峡处黑潮不同流径的识别方法,对1993～2021年的卫星高度计资料进行识别,获取黑潮不同流径的发生时间,探究黑潮入侵南海流径的时间变化规律。结果表明:(1)黑潮主要以流套(Looping)和分支(Leaking)两种流径入侵南海,Leaking流径发生的时长(710周)和概率(46.9%)要远高于Looping流径(时长218周,概率14.4%)。(2) Looping流径和Leaking流径均可将高温高盐的西北太平洋水带入南海,Looping流径下的平均吕宋海峡上层通量(6.3×10⁶ m³/s)略大于Leaking流径(5.6×10⁶ m³/s)Looping和Leaking流径在4×10⁶ m³/s～6×10⁶ m³/s区间发生时间最长。(3)季节变化上,Looping流径主要发生在冬季,Leaking流径在冬半年均较强,夏季二者发...     

The characteristics of sea fog with different airflow over the Huanghai Sea in boreal spring

Using the observations from ICOADS datasets and contemporaneous NCEP/NCAR reanalysis datasets during 1960-2002, the study classifies the airflows in favor of sea fog over the Huanghai (Yellow) Sea in boreal spring (April-May) with the method of trajectory analysis, and analyzes the changes of proportions of warm and cold sea fogs along different paths of airflow. According to the heat balance equation, we investigate the relationships between the marine meteorological conditions and the proportion of warm and cold sea fog along different airflow paths. The major results are summarized as follows. (1) Sea fogs over the Huanghai Sea in spring are not only warm fog but also cold fog. The proportion of warm fog only accounts for 44% in April, while increases as high as 57% in May. (2) Four primary airflow paths leading to spring sea fog are identified. They are originated from the northwest, east, southeast and southwest of the Huanghai Sea, respectively. The occurrence ratios of the warm sea fog along the east and southeast airflow paths are high of 55% and 70%, while these along the southwest and northwest airflow paths are merely 17.9% and 50%. (3) The key physical processes governing the warm/cold sea fog are heat advection transport, longwave radiation cooling at fog top, solar shortwave warming and latent heat flux between airsea interfaces. (4) The characteristics of sea fog along the four airflow paths relate closely to the conditions of water vapor advection, and the vertical distribution of relative humidity.     

快速城市化进程中的区域剥夺行为与调控路径

伴随我国工业化进程和城市化进程的不断加快, 中国已进入快速城市化发展时期, 快速城市化进程中衍生出了一系列区域剥夺行为, 这种行为主要是指强势群体和强势区域基于区域与区域之间的空间位置关系, 借助政策空洞和行政强制手段掠夺弱势群体和弱势区域的资源、资金、技术、人才、项目、政策偏好、生态、环境容量, 转嫁各种污染等的一系列不公平、非合理的经济社会活动行为; 这些区域剥夺行为具有强制性、垄断性、层次性、等级性和貌似合理性等基本特征; 区域剥夺的内容包括对土地、水、资源、生态环境容量、资金、人才、技术、劳动力、重大建设项目甚至政策等的剥夺; 政策空洞与调控失控形成的剥夺惯性, 利益驱动形成的剥夺动力和弱势群体透支形成的剥夺温床是产生区域剥夺行为的主要成因; 剥夺的后果表现为空间开发失调、资源配置失衡、政策调控能力受限甚至失效以及和谐社会建设步伐延缓。最后从意识形态、政策制定、制度建设、空间扩散和和谐发展等五大方面提出了中国快速城市化进程中消减区域剥夺行为的路径选择。