Thermal-baric structure and P–T history of the Brooks Range metamorphic core, Alaska

Documentation of pressure–temperature (P–T) histories across an epidote‐amphibolite facies culmination provides new insight into the tectono‐thermal evolution of the Brooks Range collisional orogen. Thermobarometry reveals that the highest grade rocks formed at peak temperatures of 560–600 °C and at pressures of 8–9.5 kbar. The thermal culmination coincides with the apex of a structural dome defined by oppositely dipping S2 crenulation cleavages suggesting post‐metamorphic doming. South of the thermal culmination, greenschist facies and lowermost epidote‐amphibolite facies rocks preserve widespread evidence for an early blueschist facies metamorphism. In contrast, no evidence for an early blueschist facies metamorphism was found in similar grade rocks of the northern flank, indicating that the southern flank underwent initial deeper burial during southward underthrusting of the continental margin. Thus, while the dome shows a symmetric distribution of peak temperatures, the P–T paths followed by the two flanks must have varied. This variation suggests that final thermal re‐equilibration to greenschist and epidote–amphibolite facies conditions did not result from a simple process of southward underthrusting followed by thermal re‐equilibration from the bottom upward. The new data are inconsistent with a previous model that invokes such re‐equilibration, along with northward thrusting of epidote–amphibolite facies rocks over lower grade rocks presently on the southern flank of the culmination, to produce an inverted metamorphic field gradient. Instead, it is suggested that following blueschist facies metamorphism, rocks of the southern and northern flanks were juxtaposed, during which time the more deeply buried south flank was partially emplaced above rocks to the north, where they escaped Albian epidote–amphibolite facies overprinting. Porphyroblast growth, which post‐dates the main fabric on the north flank of the culmination may be the result of Albian thermal re‐equilibration following this deformation. Post‐metamorphic doming resulted from a combination of Albian‐Cenomanian extension and Tertiary deformation.     

Fluid inclusion constraints on the uplift history of the metamorphosed massive sulphide deposits at Ducktown, Tennessee

Abstract Standard petrographic, microthermometric and Raman spectroscopic analyses of fluid inclusions from the metamorphosed massive sulphide deposits at Ducktown, Tennessee, indicate that fluids with a wide range of compositions in the C–O–H–N–S–salt system were involved in the syn- to post-metamorphic history of these deposits. Primary fluid inclusions from peak metamorphic clinopyroxene contain low-salinity, H₂O–CH₄ fluids and calcite, quartz and pyrrhotite daughter crystals. Many of these inclusions exhibit morphologies resembling those produced in laboratory experiments in which confining pressures significantly exceed the internal pressures of the inclusions. Secondary inclusions in metamorphic quartz from veins, pods, and host matrix record a complex uplift history involving a variety of fluids in the C–O–H–N–salt system. Early fluids were generated by local devolatilization reactions while later fluids were derived externally. Isochores calculated for secondary inclusions in addition to the chronology of trapping and morphological features of primary and secondary fluid inclusions suggest an uplift path which was concave toward the temperature axis over the P–T range 6–3 kbar and 550–225° C. Immiscible H₂O–CH₄–N₂–NaCl fluids were trapped under lithostatic to hydrostatic pressure conditions at 3–0.5 kbar and 215 ± 20° C. Entrapment occurred during Alleghanian thrusting, and the fluids may have been derived by tectonically driven expulsion of pore fluids and thermal maturation of organic material in lower-plate sedimentary rocks which are thought to underlie the deposits. Episodic fracturing and concomitant pressure decreases in upper-plate rocks, which host the ore bodies, would have allowed these fluids to move upward and become immiscible. Post-Alleghanian uplift appears to have been temperature-convex. Uplift rates of 0.10–0.05 mm year^?1 from middle Ordovician to middle Silurian – late Devonian, and 0.07–0.12 mm year^?1 from middle Silurian – late Devonian to late Permian are suggested by our uplift path and available geochronological data.     

Cordierite-bearing schists and gneisses from Timor, eastern Indonesia: P-T conditions of metamorphism and tectonic implications

In the Boi Massif of Western Timor the Mutis Complex, which is equivalent to the Lolotoi Complex of East Timor, is composed of two lithostratigraphical components: various basement schists and gneisses; and the dismembered remnants of an ophiolite. Cordierite-bearing pelitic schists and gneisses carry an early mineral assemblage of biotite + garnet + plagioclase + Al-silicate, but contain no prograde muscovite; sillimanite occurs in a textural mode which suggests that it replaced and pseudomorphed kyanite at an early stage and some specimens of pelitic schist contain tiny kyanite relics in plagioclase. Textural relations between, and mineral chemistries of, ferro-magnesian phases in these pelitic chists and gneisses suggest that two discontinuous reactions and additional continuous compositional changes have been overstepped, possibly with concomitant anatexis, as a result of decrease in P_load during high temperature metamorphism. The simplified reactions are: garnet and/or biotite + sillimanite + quartz + cordierite + hercynite + ilmenite + excess components. P-T conditions during the development of the early mineral assemblage in the pelitic gneisses are estimated to have been P + 10 kbar and T > 750°C, based upon the plagioclase-garnet-Al-silicate-quartz geobarometer and the garnet-biotite geothermometer. P-T conditions during the subsequent development of cordierite-bearing mineral assemblages in the pelitic gneisses are estimated to have been P + 5 kbar and T + 700°C with X_H2O < 0.5, based upon the Fe content of cordierite occurring in the assemblage quartz + plagioclase + sillimanite + biotite + garnet + cordierite coexisting with melt. Final equilibration between some of the phases suggests that conditions dropped to P > 2.3 kbar and T > 600°C. A similar exhumation P-T path is suggested for the pelitic schists with early metamorphic conditions of P > 6.2 kbar and T > 745°C and subsequent development of cordierite under conditions in the range P = 3-4 kbar and T = 600-700°C. The tectonic implications of these P-T estimates are discussed and it is concluded that the P-T path followed by these rocks was caused by decompression during rifting and synmetamorphic ophiolite emplacement resulting from processes during the initiation and development of a convergent plate junction located in Southeast Asia during late Jurassic to Cretaceous time.     

非合作目标分光路激光测距中距离值的确定方法

摘要：卫星激光测距是目前空间大地测量的主要手段之一,在地球动力学和大地测量学等领域有广泛的应用。云南天文台即将开展非合作目标分光路激光测距试验,即激光接收和发射光路系统分别由相邻较近的两台望远镜完成。针对分光路非合作目标激光测距系统,提出了一种非合作目标分光路激光测距中测距值的确定方法,并给出了相应的计算公式,为分光路激光测距数据处理提供参考。     

An Assessment of Snow Avalanche Paths and Forest Dynamics Using Ikonos Satellite Data

Abstract

Ikonos panchromatic and multispectral satellite data were acquired in October 2000 and August 2002 for a test area along US Highway 2, the southern border of Glacier National Park (GNP), Montana, USA. The research goals were to map snow avalanche paths and to characterize vegetation patterns in selected paths for longitudinal (i.e., source, track, and runout) and transverse (i.e., inner, flanking, outer) zones as part of a study of forest dynamics and nutrient flux from paths into terrestrial and aquatic systems. In some valleys, as much as 50 percent of the area may be covered by snow avalanche paths, and as such, serve as an important carbon source servicing terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Snow avalanches move woody debris down‐slope by snapping, tipping, trimming, and excavating branches, limbs, and trees, and by injuring and scaring trees that remain in‐place. Further, snow avalanches alter the vegetation structure on paths through secondary plant succession of disturbed areas. Contrast and edge enhancements, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and the Tasseled Cap greenness and wetness transformations were used to examine vegetation patterns in selected paths that were affected by high magnitude snow avalanches during the winter of 2001-2002. Using image transects organized in longitudinal patterns in paths and in forests, and transects arranged in transverse patterns across the sampled paths, the Tasseled Cap transforms (and NDVI values) were plotted and assessed. Preliminary results suggest that NDVI patterns are different for paths and forests, and Tasseled Cap greenness and wetness patterns are different for longitudinal and transverse zones that describe the morphology of snow avalanche paths. The differentiation of paths from the background forest and the characterization of paths by morphometric zones through remote sensing has implications for mapping forest disturbances and dynamics over time and for large geographic areas and for modeling nutrient flux in terrestrial and aquatic systems.     

福建热带气旋风雨空间分布特征及风险评估

根据1961—2010年热带气旋资料,按登陆地段或移动路径将登陆影响福建的热带气旋分为11种路径,分析各种路径的致灾因子空间分布特征,结果表明:热带气旋雨灾最严重的区域位于北部和中部沿海,风灾最严重的是南部沿海;从路径来看,降水强度最强是登台入闽北路径,强风区域最大的是直接登陆闽南路径和登台入闽中部路径,风力最强的是登台入闽南路径。采用相关系数客观赋权法建立了致灾因子风险评估模型,分析不同热带气旋路径致灾因子风险等级,登台入闽中和登台入闽北路径风险最大,其次是直接登陆闽南和登陆珠江口及以东路径;高风险区域 (包括次高危险和高危险区) 集中在沿海地区、闽西和闽北的局部。     

不同加载方向条件下堆石料剪胀特性试验研究

剪胀方程描述的是塑性应变增量比例大小的变化规律,是构建弹塑性模型的重要组成部分。然而目前堆石料的剪胀方程大都是根据等围压 路径得到的,这些剪胀方程是否能反映不同应力路径条件下堆石料的剪胀规律还尚不明了。开展了等围压 、等轴向力 、等平均主应力p、等主应力比 共4种应力路径下的堆石料大型三轴试验,研究了应力路径对堆石料剪胀规律的影响。试验表明：不同路径的剪胀比 和应力比 均呈近似线性关系,但剪胀比与应力比不存在一致的关系,表现出明显的应力路径相关性;在 - 空间中,剪胀线随着应力增量方向的变化会发生平移和转动,其斜率 和截距参数 均随 ( )的增大而增大;目前的剪胀理论不能较好地描述剪胀的应力路径相关性,提出了一个考虑应力增量方向影响的修正剪胀方程并对其进行了试验验证。     

主应力方向和初始成样含水率对饱和重塑粉土单调剪切特性的影响

利用“土工静力-动力液压-三轴扭转多功能剪切仪”,针对初始成样含水率分别为0、5%、10%,夯击法制备的饱和重塑粉土试样,在初始主应力方向角分别为0o、30o、45o的条件下进行非均等固结,然后保持平均主应力100 kPa、中主应力系数0.5、各主应力方向角以及加载速率恒定进行了应力控制式不排水单调剪切试验。着重探讨了主应力方向和初始成样含水率对饱和重塑粉土应力-应变关系、孔隙水压力变化及有效应力路径等的影响。试验结果表明：主应力方向和初始成样含水率对饱和重塑粉土的变形及强度特性具有显著影响。初始成样含水率影响应力-应变关系,对剪切强度影响不太显著,但破坏标准的选择对试验结果影响明显,干装样的孔压值低于湿装样;各种初始成样含水率的归一化剪切强度均随着主应力方向的增加而逐渐降低,而归一化孔压最大值则呈现增大的趋势     

砂岩加卸载条件下能耗特征试验研究

采用MTS815刚性伺服试验机,对砂岩进行了单轴、三轴压缩和三轴峰后卸围压试验,对比研究了砂岩在加卸载试验条件下的能耗特征。结果表明,单轴压缩各能耗指标值均小于三轴压缩和三轴峰后卸围压,三轴峰后卸围压介于单轴与三轴压缩之间。三轴压缩和三轴峰后卸围压各能耗指标均具有明显的围压效应,随着围压的升高而线性增大。单轴压缩时砂岩表现为突发性的脆性破坏,初期储存的弹性应变能瞬间几乎全部转化为耗散能,成为岩样破坏时所表现出的一切现象的源动力;三轴压缩时砂岩表现为从局部破坏到整体失稳的渐进过程,耗散能所占吸收能量的比例越来越大,表现为明显的能量耗散,能量耗散发展到一定程度表现为明显的能量释放,随即岩石整体失稳破坏。