Condensation particle counting below 2 nm seed particle diameter and the transition from heterogeneous to homogeneous nucleation

Particle detection by condensation particle counters (CPCs) is ultimately limited by the onset of homogeneous nucleation. At vapour supersaturations around the homogeneous nucleation limit the diameter of critical clusters is typically about 2 nm. It is widely assumed that only particles larger than critical clusters can be activated by vapour condensation and the general detection limit of CPCs is therefore currently accepted to be around 2 nm particle diameter. Using an expansion type CPC with n-propanol as working fluid we investigated the transition from heterogeneous to homogeneous nucleation, clearly showing that particles are activated much before the onset of homogeneous nucleation, even at particle diameters as small as 1.4 nm. For particle diameters below 2 nm we have usually found condensation particle counting to be influenced by the simultaneous presence of ions as generated in a bipolar diffusion charger. In this paper we illustrate how the presence of ions influences particle number concentration measurement and how ions can be removed in order to obtain accurate seed particle number concentrations for particle diameters down to 1 nm.     

Relevance of ion-induced nucleation of sulfuric acid and water in the lower troposphere over the boreal forest at northern latitudes

The relevance of ion-induced nucleation of sulfuric acid and water (IINSW) in the troposphere over the boreal forest at northern latitudes is investigated by combining two existing and previously published models (MALTE — model to predict new aerosol formation in the lower troposphere; PARNUC — a parameterized steady-state model of neutral and ion-induced nucleation of sulfuric acid and water for atmospheric conditions). Simulations were performed for 4 days with observed new particle formation at ground level by using input data from the SMEAR II station in Hyytiälä, Finland. The selected days were chosen to cover a wide range of values of the parameters most relevant for IINSW. The results showed that ion-induced nucleation of sulfuric acid and water can contribute up to 15% to the total amount of newly formed particles in the size range of 3–10 nm inside the mixed layer at the Hyytiälä site. The importance of IINSW seemed to increase in the free troposphere above the boundary layer, however, lack of measurements in the vertical structure of the input parameters suggest that the model results are burdened with high uncertainties.     

Analysis on concentration and source rate of precursor vapors participating in particle formation and growth at xinken in the Pearl River Delta of China

Concentration and source rate of precursor vapors participating in particle formation and subsequent growth were investigated during the Pearl River Delta intensive campaign （PRD2004, October 2004） in southeastern China. Four new particle formation event days and a typical non-event day were selected for our analysis. Atmospheric sulphuric acid, the important precursor vapor in nucleation and growth, were simulated with a pseudo steady-state model based on the measurements of SO2, NOx, 03, CO, non-methane hydrocarbon （NMHC） and ambient particle number concentrations as well as modeled photolysis frequencies obtained from measurements. The maximum midday sulphuric acid concentrations vary from 4.53 × 10^7 to 2.17 × 10^8 molecules cm^-3, the corresponding source rate via reaction of OH and SO2 range between 2.37 × 10^6 and 1.16 × 10^7 molecules cm^-3 s^-1. Nucleation mode growth rate was derived from size spectral evolution during the events to be 6.8-13.8 nm h^-1. Based on the growth rate, concentration of the vapors participating in subsequent growth were estimated to vary from 1.32 × 10^8 to 2.80 × 10^8 molecules cm^-3 with corresponding source rate between 7.26 × 10^6 and 1.64 × 10^7 molecules cm^-3 s^-1. Our results show the degree of pollution is larger in PRD. Sulphuric acid concentrations are fairly high and have a close correlation with new particle formation events. Budget analysis shows that sulphuric acid alone is not enough for required growth; other nonvolatile vapors are needed. However, sulphuric acid plays an important role in growth; the contribution of sulphuric acid to growth in PRD is 12.4%-65.2%.     

边界层内大气排放物形成重污染背景解析

我国大气中的粒子浓度普遍较高,特别是可吸入颗粒物PM10.在区域特定的大气环境过程的影响下,能形成大范围的严重污染情景.利用大气环境过程的概念,分析引起大气重污染的中尺度天气系统、近地层小尺度局地系统和稳定的大气边界层结构,发现大范围均压场条件下易出现近地层小尺度局地环流群体,大范围均压场持续演变和移动常形成大气污染汇聚带,从而形成局地严重污染的重要大气条件.     

南极中山站电离层的极区特征

本文利用1996年的电离层数字测高仪DPS-4所测的f0F2、f0E以及美国NOAA和DMSP卫星观测估算的半球功率指数和午夜极光区赤道侧边界纬度等资料,考察中山站电离层的极区特征。结果表明,在太阳和地磁宁静环境下,冬季极夜磁正午中山站处于极隙区中心时,电离层内的电离密度达全天的最大值;上、下午各有数小时间隔位极光带内时,高能粒子的电离作用也很重要;夜间进入极差区后,电子密度则很低。夏季极昼时,太阳EUV辐射的电离效应使电离层电离密度比冬季值大许多,而且,日变化的最大值时间也提前了1~2h,强磁扰时,极隙区和极光带均向低纬侧移动;中山站上空的电子密度会大幅度下降。在中等扰动环境下情况要加复杂：磁正午前后极隙区内软粒子沉降的电离强度有所减小,而上、下午极光区的高能粒子电离则有较大增加。     

Seasonal variations of number size distributions and mass concentrations of atmospheric particles in Beijing

Particle number and mass concentrations were measured in Beijing during the winter and summer periods in 2003, together with some other parameters including black carbon (BC) and meteorological conditions. Particle mass concentrations exhibited low seasonality, and the ratio of PM2.5/PM10 in winter was higher than that in summer. Particle number size distribution (PSD) was characterized by four modes and exhibited low seasonality. BC was well correlated with the number and mass concentrations of accumulation and coarse particles, indicating these size particles are related to anthropogenic activities.Particle mass and number concentrations (except ultra-fine and nucleation particles) followed well the trends of 13C concentration for the majority of the day, indicating that most particles were associated with primary emissions. The diurnal number distributions of accumulation and coarse mode particles were characterized by two peaks.     

一个高品位铂矿地球化学标样的可行性研究

大岩子铂-铜矿床的富矿石铂含量高达6600×10-9.我国已有的系列铂族元素地球化学标样中缺乏高品位的铂矿地球化学标准物质.通过对大岩子铂-铜矿床富矿石铂矿物粒度的初步研究,发现矿石中有＞5μm的颗粒铂和≤5μm的超微细铂,颗粒铂的粒径介于4.7～11.9μm之间.颗粒铂占矿石样品总铂的0.015%,超微细铂占99.99%,表明该矿石样适合制作高品位铂矿地球化学标准物质.     

鲜水河断裂带间震期断层滑动与转动特征研究

构建描述断层平动和转动的向-位错模型,利用2001~2004 年的GPS数据,采用粒子群算法反演鲜水河断裂带不同分段处的断层滑动和转动情况,最后由正演计算验证反演断层参数的可靠性。结果表明：1）鲜水河断裂带断层活动以滑动特性为主,整体呈左旋走滑运动,局部兼有挤压;2）鲜水河断裂带转动特征分段性较为明显,北西段和南东段的断层转动特征较强,且南东段断层转动最为显著。     

基于三维GIS的虚拟校园环境研究

随着虚拟现实技术的发展,三维建模与可视化技术在智慧城市中得到了广泛应用。本文采用3ds Max软件对校园建筑物、道路、树木等地物地形进行三维建模,并在SuperMap软件下进行三维可视化,结合太原师范学院,研究数据获取、数据处理、三维建模、可视化等方面关键技术,重点研究粒子特效的制作及其在雨、雪、烟花特效制作中的应用,真实再现了校园三维环境。     

Discrete modeling of low-velocity penetration in sand

In this paper, a discrete particle method was evaluated and used in numerical simulations of low-velocity penetration in sand. Hemispherical, blunt, and ogival-nosed impactors were tested at striking velocities below 5 m/s. The tests were conducted in a dropped-object-rig where the resisting force from the sand was measured continuously during the experiments. This provided a basis for comparison for the simulations. The shapes of the force-penetration depth curves were different for the various impactors, but the ultimate penetration depths were similar in all tests that were done with the same impact velocity. Three-dimensional discrete particle simulations were generally capable of describing the behavior of the sand. However, the peak resisting force was underestimated, which led to a slight overestimation of the ultimate penetration depth. This discrete particle method has previously been evaluated at high impact velocities. The results presented in this study supplement past results and show that the method can also be used to describe the overall response of sand subjected to low-velocity penetration.