基于形态学和DNA分子鉴定的珠江口浮游动物群落结构比较研究

于2019年12月使用4种不同型号网具采集了珠江口浮游动物, 进行形态学鉴定和DNA分子鉴定, 分析珠江口浮游动物的群落结构特征, 并比较不同调查方法对浮游动物丰度和生物量结果的影响。形态学镜检鉴定浮游动物36种(类), 其中浮游幼虫6类。浅水I型浮游生物网采集的浮游动物平均丰度为115±96ind.·m^-3, 平均生物量为0.21±0.14g·m^-3; 浅水Ⅱ型浮游生物网采集的浮游动物平均丰度为3536±2444ind.·m^-3, 平均生物量为0.56±0.33g·m^-3; 浅水Ⅲ型浮游生物网采集的浮游动物平均丰度为4314±4172ind.·m^-3, 平均生物量为0.50±0.25g·m^-3; 25^#浮游生物网采集的浮游动物平均丰度为6741±3826ind.·m^-3, 平均生物量为4.33±3.42g·m^-3。研究结果表明网具孔径大小对浮游动物研究结果具有重要影响, 三个站点水体DNA样品注释出15种浮游动物; 使用浅水Ⅱ型网采集的DNA样品注释出19种浮游动物; 镜检样品鉴定浮游动物17种。水体DNA样品能检测出更多的微型浮游动物如原生动物等; 网采样品能过滤更多的水样, 有利于采集更多的大中型浮游动物, 更能充分反映优势类群如桡足类的种类和数量。研究结果表明, 水体DNA可检出浮游幼虫和原生动物等较难镜检鉴别的种类, 采用不同型号网具采集浮游动物可以更全面地反映研究海域浮游动物的群落结构特征。多种调查方法的结合有助于全面了解研究海域的生态环境状况。     

基于DEM的山地鞍部点分级提取方法

本文以地形起伏变化较大的陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区为例,通过流域边界线上高程相对低点的自动识别,实现基于DEM数据的地面鞍部点自动获取。实验结果显示,采用该方法所提取的地面鞍部点具有层次结构显著、提取精度高、操作简便、便于确定重要性等级及与山顶点空间关系等优点,对于DEM地形特征点簇的构建与分析具有重要意义。     

利用粒子群算法的小波神经网络探讨

小波神经网络(WNN)具有较强的逼近和容错能力,并具有良好的收敛性和鲁棒性。然而其网络收敛速度慢、搜索成功率低和易陷入局部极小值等缺点使得传统的小波神经网络难以得到广泛应用。本文介绍一种基于粒子群(PSO)算法的小波神经网络,其通过利用种群间信息共享进行寻优,以获得结构化的神经网络,克服了传统小波网络的诸多缺点,结合工程实例,检验了其具有较好的适用性和可靠性。     

巴丹吉林沙漠沙山粒度组成与沙山地貌分带

为查明巴丹吉林沙漠东南部沙山的成因与发育机制,在沙山密集分布的中心地区选择典型高大沙山作为研究对象,将单个沙山的物质组成与地貌分带相结合进行系统、定量的研究.通过粒度分析获得了沙山不同剖面、不同部位沉积物的粒度组成和各粒级含量的变化等数据,并进一步探讨了粒度组成和含量变化与沙山地貌分带、形成风动力条件之间的相互关系.得出以下主要结论:1.巴丹吉林沙漠沙山粒度组成为粗粉砂、极细砂、细砂、中砂、粗砂.其中细砂含量最高,中砂、粗砂次之,极细砂和粗粉砂含量均较少.2.沙山迎风坡表层沉积物的粒度比迎风坡下层和背风坡表层要粗,其搬运介质的平均动能也最大.3.从沙山坡脚到坡顶粒度组成均呈现由粗变细的趋势,这是由它们的形成过程和受到的动力作用存在差异决定的.4.沙山迎风坡不同部位的坡度、沙丘类型与分布在纵向上存在明显差异,可将其分为风蚀粗化的平沙洼地带、稀疏简单的新月形沙丘或沙丘链带、密集叠置的新月形沙丘及沙丘链带、陡峭的主峰带等4个地貌带.5.组成沙山的风沙物质不是一次搬运到达沙山中上部的,而是经过了多次的风力搬运阶段才达到的.     

WEATHERING PIT CHARACTERISTICS AND TOPOGRAPHY ON STONE MOUNTAIN,GEORGIA

A detailed analysis of weathering-pit distribution on Georgia's Stone Mountain granite dome reveals a complex relationship between pit size and density, compared with slope aspect and angle. The uniform nature of the lithology provides an ideal natural laboratory for the analysis of weathering pits. Through the random establishment of 32 dome-encircling, ten-by-ten meter study plots within an elevational range from 610 to 650 meters, the distribution, size, aspect, slope and lithology of pit features were mapped, measured, and analyzed. Thematic maps were used in the visual representation of pit distribution and dimension data. Correlation coefficients, ANOVA, and multiple regression analyses were utilized to determine the relationships of these variables. Pits showed a dimensional and density increase toward a southwestern aspect as well as a dimensional and density increase with decreasing slope angle. Greatest pit dimensions were found at approximately the 200° N azimuth. These findings lead the authors to conclude that insolation weathering may be a more important process in granite pit formation on Stone Mountain than commonly believed because afternoon temperature maxima accelerate weathering through increased chemical constituent dissolution and/or crystal constituent disintegration. [Key words: weathering pits, gnammas, granite weathering, Stone Mountain.]     

利用远震P波质点运动检核区域地震计水平分量方位

地震计三分量方位的准确性对现代地震学研究具有很重要的意义.文献[1]利用P波偏振原理和多地震事件加权叠加方法计算表明,中国“十五”数字地震网络台站中有近三分之一的台站存在地震计水平方位偏差大、极性接反或分量互换等方面的问题.本文选取鄂尔多斯地块周缘地区24个代表性台站,利用2007年8月至2011年3月期间73个M≥7远震事件的P波资料,对台站分量方位等问题进行了检核计算.考虑到期间地震仪的可能重新安装因素,应用单地震事件的反演方位时间序列变化来计算分量方位偏差及其可能的方位校正.研究结果表明,反演的方位与文献[1]的结果基本一致,表明中国“十五”数字地震网络确实存在部分台站方位偏差较大等方面问题.因此,在SKS横波分裂等现代地震学研究中应充分考虑台站地震计方位不准和变动等因素的影响.     

等离子体湍动对准垂直激波中粒子加速的影响

本文利用试验粒子方法研究了在考虑等离子体湍动的情况下带电粒子在准垂直激波中的加速, 在计算中, 我们采用组合模型来拟合等离子体湍动. 计算结果表明, 在存在等离子体湍动的情况下, 粒子可横越背景磁场运动, 从而被激波反射的上游粒子在到达下游后可被等离子体湍动散射回到上游, 并再次被激波反射并加速, 这样的过程可重复很多次, 因而粒子可被加速到很高的能量. 我们还研究了激波角, 粒子的初始能量和等离子体湍动的强度, 以及相干长度和两种湍动组分强度比与加速粒子的能谱之间的关系.     

Charge transfer X‐rays in solar and stellar flares

Most of the energy in a solar flare, and presumably a stellar flare as well, takes the form of a power law of energetic particles. The energetic electrons produce a bremsstrahlung continuum, while the most energetic nuclei produce gamma‐rays. Nuclei around 1 MeV/AMU can produce X‐rays during and after charge transfer with neutrals. This paper predicts the fluxes for some prominent X‐ray lines and compares them to existing spectra (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Quantification of particle crushing in consideration of grading evolution of granular soils in biaxial shearing: A probability‐based model

A probability‐based model is presented to estimate particle crushing and the associated grading evolution in granular soils during isotropic compression and prepeak shearing in biaxial tests. The model is based on probability density functions of interparticle and intraparticle stress (ie, particle normalized maximum shear stress and particle average maximum shear stress) derived from discrete element method simulations of biaxial tests. We find that the probability density functions of normalized maximum shear stress are dependent on the current sample grading, implying coupling effects between particle crushing and sample grading such that the particle crushing is affected by the current sample grading, and the grading change is also dependent on the current particle crushing extent. To incorporate these coupling effects into the model, particle crushing and grading change are calculated for each load increment, in which the crushing probability of a particle during any loading increment is denoted as the corresponding increment of probability of the internal maximum shear stress exceeding its maximum shear strength. The model shows qualitative agreement with published experimental data. The effects of the model parameters, including initial porosity, particle strength, initial grading, and crushing mode, on the calculated results are discussed and compared with previous studies. Finally, the strengths and limitations of the model are discussed.