General Entropy Model of Line Segments Uncertainty in GIS

Spatial data uncertainty can directly affect the quality of digital products and GIS-based decision making. On the basis of the characteristics of randomicity of positional data and fuzziness of attribute data, taking entropy as a measure, the stochastic entropy model of positional data uncertainty and fuzzy entropy model of attribute data uncertainty are proposed. As both randomic-ity and fuzziness usually simultaneously exist in linear segments, their omnibus effects are also investigated and quantified. A novel uncertainty measure, general entropy, is presented. The general entropy can be used as a uniform measure to quantify the total un-certainty caused by stochastic uncertainty and fuzzy uncertainty in GIS.     

东南亚国家综合城市化水平差异特征及驱动因素

从人口-经济-社会三维视角构建东南亚城市化水平的综合评价体系,利用熵技术法评价综合城市化水平,分析其区域差异特征,判断发展阶段;研究东南亚人口城市化与经济-社会城市化之间的相互关系,划分城市化类型区;基于灰色关联度判断东南亚综合城市化水平差异的主要驱动因素和影响强度。结果表明：经济城市化子系统在东南亚地区综合城市化评价体系中最为重要;东南亚各国间综合城市化水平差异显著,新加坡、文莱、马来西亚为高综合城市化水平国家,泰国、印度尼西亚、菲律宾为中等综合城市化水平国家,柬埔寨、缅甸、老挝、越南为低综合城市化水平国家;人口城市化超前区与滞后区并存,其中人口城市化超前的国家最多;全球化、市场环境、外资驱动等外部动力是东南亚国家综合城市化水平差异的核心驱动因素。     

华北克拉通古老岩石圈地幔的多次地质事件:来自金伯利岩中橄榄岩捕虏体的启示

本文提供的两件蒙阴岩区金伯利岩中的蛇纹石化石榴石橄榄岩捕虏体,整体发育剪切-变形结构,其中的辉石有三种类型,代表了三次地质事件,他们是:(1)石榴石中的自形单斜辉石包裹体Py;(2)粗粒不规则形状的斜方辉石Py1;(3)具反应边及定向排列的斜方辉石Py2。 Py具有高Na2O和Al2O3,及低Mg#和CaO的特征,暗示所赋存的橄榄岩未遭受过明显的熔融作用。推测Py为早期阶段地幔"岩浆海"结晶时被石榴石包裹的矿物。在手标本及薄片中普遍见到Py2切过Py1,表明Py1形成早于Py2。Py1的 Cr(669×10-6~9503×10-6), Ni (1941×10-6~4750×10-6)含量和Mg#(0.91~0.94)比值较高, 而Py2中的Cr (725×10-6~1926×10-6) , Ni (902×10-6~2989×10-6) 和Mg# (0.88~0.90)值较低,说明Py1是早期经部分熔融的橄榄岩耐熔残余中的顽火辉石残留。相反,Py2可能是软流圈来源的熔体与耐熔橄榄岩反应的结果。剪切/变形 以及交代事件则发生于上述反应之后或者与之同时。依据主元素特征,较早的Py1的耐熔程度反而高于Py2,本文称之为地幔组成的"逆向演化"。 看来,这种逆向成分演化不仅发生在中新生代,而且也发生于古老地幔,甚至是贯穿于整个地幔演化的历史时期。与已发表的有关地幔形成年龄的资料对比,Py、Py1和 Py2的年龄估计分别是>3.8Ga, 2.5Ga/1.4~1.3Ga和0.9~0.7Ga 。另外1件碳酸盐化橄榄岩捕虏体,采自复县金伯利岩,具有明显的剪切-变形结构,最终形成时间可能与Py2接近。     

Geochemical modelling of early Eocene adakitic magmatism in the Eastern Pontides,NE Anatolia: continental crust or subducted oceanic slab origin?

Early Eocene adakitic volcanic and granitoid rocks are widespread in the Eastern Pontides of NE Turkey, providing significant constraints for the early Cenozoic tectonomagmatic evolution of the region. These adakitic rock units exhibit relatively high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, but low Y and Yb values, similar to modern adakites generated by partial fusion of a subducted oceanic slab. They also have high K₂O and low MgO contents, and show moderately enriched I_Sr and low ?_Nd(t) isotopic signatures. Our trace element modelling suggests that these adakitic magmas were generated from partial melting at low pressures of a garnet-bearing amphibolitic source in the continental lower crust. This lower crustal melting resulted from slab break off-induced asthenospheric upwelling and related magmatic underplating beneath the Eastern Pontides. We interpret this melting event and the adakitic magmatic activity as a syn- to post-collisional process involving early Cenozoic collision of the Pontide and Anatolide–Tauride continental blocks. The geochemical and tectonic constraints presented here indicate that early Eocene adakitic magmatism in the Eastern Pontides did not result from partial fusion of a subducted oceanic slab, but instead represent continental-type adakite formation.     

震源辐射效率计算的一致性方法

根据能量分配原理,推出计算震源辐射效率的一般性方法,克服了以往计算中由地震断层动摩擦机制不确定性所带来的误差。利用实际地震观测结果,重新计算了在不同动摩擦机制下地震波的辐射效率,并与以往的计算结果进行了对比。结果表明,新的方法可以完全消除以往计算中得到的辐射效率大于1,或者震源破裂能小于0所产生的非物理结论。      

基于判别空间条件熵加权的土地覆盖分类方法研究

针对遥感专题类别信息的机理问题,从土地覆盖参考数据的偏差程度对分类精度的影响角度,提出了一种基于判别空间条件熵加权的土地覆盖分类方法。引入判别空间模型概念,基于此模型生成土地覆盖数据类别,并分析了土地覆盖信息类别与数据类别的语义偏差出现的深层次原因;计算信息类别与数据类别的对应关系矩阵,据此得到二者的条件熵,实现对土地覆盖信息类别与数据类别的语义偏差的量化;根据信息类别与数据类别的条件熵计算修正判别变量的权重因子,实现基于判别空间条件熵加权的土地覆盖分类。采用一景SPOT-5影像进行分类实验,并利用同一地区的Landsat 5TM影像进行方法验证。实验表明,条件熵加权修正方法使土地覆盖分类精度有了显著提高,并对不同分辨率的遥感影像具有适用性。     

信息综合集成方法在短期地震预报中的应用

本文将地震过程视为一个复杂系统,随着孕震过程的发展,系统从平衡态向着远离平衡态方向发,不稳定性增大,并向着失稳态接近,这时大量前兆发生发展,复杂发生增加。文中应用系统科学中的信息集成方法分析前兆异常,确定异常综合,用统一的系统叁量概率合成、信息熵、有序度等作为系统由向非过渡的标志。结果表明,用信息综合集成方法分析后的异常反映了孕震过程演变到短期阶段。该方法为短期地震预报提供了较为可靠的依据,具有实     

Observed advantage for negative binomial over Poisson distribution in partial duration series

The goodness of fit of the negative binomial and the Poisson distributions to partial duration series of runoff events is tested. The data have been recorded by eight hydrometric stations located on ephemeral rivers in Isreal. For each station, a number of threshold discharges are considered, by that series of nested subsamples are formed. Owing to size limitations, a Chi-square test is conducted on samples associated with low to moderate threshold discharges. Positive results, at a 5% significance level, are obtained in 30 out of the 53 tests of the Poisson distribution, and in 22 out of the 28 tests of the negative binomial distribution. The fit of the Poisson distribution to samples of conventionally recommended sizes (of 2 to 3 events per year) is found positive for five rivers and negative for the three other rivers The fit of the negative binomial distribution to these samples is found positive for six rivers, inconclusive for one river and short of data for the eighth river. Mixed results are obtained as the threshold level is raised. Therefore, no direct extrapolation is possible to samples associated with high thresholds.An indirect extrapolation is drawn through a comparison of the actual properties of the samples with those expected under a perfect fit of the distribution functions. Ranges of such properties are defined with respect to the properties of the tested samples and to the test results. The actual properties of nine of the eleven samples associated with high thresholds (i.e. mean number of events <-0.1year ^–1) are found within these ranges. This provides a hint for a probable good fit of either distribution, and particularly the negative binomial, to the occurrence frequency of high events.     

澜沧—耿马地震前地震熵异常研究

本文将地震系统作为开放系统进行研究,认为系统和外界有物质和能量的交流,导致孕震区滑向不稳定的非平衡态,然后在各种涨落扰动下发生地震。本文研究1988年澜沧——耿马地震、1976年龙陵、宁蒗地震、1974年昭通地震、1970年通海地震孕震区,得到大震孕育调整模型,大震前地震开放系统熵值曲线变化特征,可作为大震预报指标应用于日常监测工作中。     

On the use of maximum entropy/autoregressive spectrum in harmonic analysis of time series

The maximum entropy (ME) spectrum, or its equivalent form of the autoregressive (AR) spectrum, has been used as a tool for harmonic analysis of time series in geophysics. This paper critically examines its usage in estimating the amplitude and the exponential decay rate of a harmonic function. The argument is based upon Prony's relation, which relates a complex-conjugate pair of poles for the AR model of the time series on one hand, to the complex frequency of one harmonic component in the time series on the other. It is found that: (i) the ME spectrum can be used as an estimator for the decay rate in a way similar to the Fourier spectral analysis; (ii) the ME spectrum contains no information whatsoever about the amplitude, contrary to what has been claimed and practiced in geophysical applications.