顾及空间相关性的遥感影像信息量的度量方法

提出了一种结合信息论与地学统计法的遥感影像信息量计算的方法。此方法基于遥感影像加性噪声模型和互信息上界的计算原理,同时考虑了噪声和空间相关性等影响遥感影像信息量的因素,适于计算具有稳健空间相关性、不同地物类型的光学影像的信息含量。利用Landsat TM影像子集,分别计算了城市、农田、山地3种不同地物类型的影像信息量。结果表明,城市含有最大的信息量,同时影像信息量与影像方差呈对数正相关关系。     

中国典型旅游城市人居环境适宜度空间分异研究

运用模糊层次分析法,在中国101个拥有5个3A及以上旅游景区的城市中选取30个城市为研究对象。通过建立人居环境适宜度指标体系,运用熵值法计算得出30个典型旅游城市经济环境适宜度、生态环境适宜度、气候环境适宜度、服务环境适宜度和人居环境适宜度综合得分,并对典型旅游城市的人居环境适宜度进行排序和分析。结果显示:北京和上海在人居环境适宜度得分排名前两位且优势明显;长三角地区城市(苏州、杭州、南京等)人居环境适宜度综合排名与典型旅游城市综合排名差距不大且大部分排名前15,是城市人居环境与旅游资源协调发展的典范;沿海城市(大连、青岛、厦门等)和传统旅游城市(桂林、昆明、黄山)由于旅游季节单一等原因造成城市旅游综合指数得分的排名不高,但人居环境适宜度得分较高,优势主要体现在气候环境适宜度、生态环境适宜度和服务环境适宜度;以人文景观为主的旅游城市(西安、洛阳等)人居环境适宜度排名普遍不高;重庆、广州在典型旅游城市中排名靠前,但城市人居环境适宜度得分较低,此类城市在做好旅游发展的同时应注重城市生态、服务等方面的发展。     

A new insight into the contribution of environmental conditions to tropical cyclone activities

The changes of tropical cyclone (TC) activities in response to influencing environmental conditions have been paid more and more attention to in recent years. The potential contributions of single and multivariate environmental variables to annual TC frequency and intensity from 1970 to 2009 are investigated in this study. Instead of using correlation coefficient that assumes a set of samples satisfying the normal distribution, a quantitative measurement is formulated based on the information theory. The results show that dynamic environmental variables play an important role in variations of TC activities over the western North Pacific, North Atlantic, and eastern Pacific. These dynamic factors include wind shear between 850 and 200 hPa and 850-hPa relative vorticity. However, the effects of thermal factors on TC activities are distinct over different basins. The thermal environmental variables only have significant contributions to TC frequency and intensity over the eastern Pacific as well as to TC frequency over the North Atlantic. It is found that the primary factors influencing TC activities are indeed not the same over different basins because of the differences in atmospheric conditions and their changes across different areas. The effects of dynamic variables should be considered more in the regions such as the western North Pacific where the thermal conditions are always satisfied.     

基于遥感的土壤电阻率估算研究

以我国长江中下游的南京及其周边15个市(县)为例,采用野外测定、室内分析与遥感反演相结合的方法,开展了土壤电阻率估算研究.选用影响土壤电阻率的土壤水分、土壤温度、土壤可溶盐总量与土壤阳离子交换量等4个主要因子,遥感反演土壤水分和温度空间分布,以获取估算土壤电阻率所需要的主要参数;采用偏最小二乘二次多项式(PLSQM)模型对不同地表覆盖类型下的土壤电阻率进行估算,PLSQM估算模型的估算值与实测值的相关系数达到0.85,平均相对误差(MRE)为19.02%,均方根误差(RMSE)为7.79.结果表明,草地、农田、林地3种不同地表覆盖类型下土壤电阻率有明显差异,PLSQM模型实现了较高估算精度,具有较好的应用潜力.     

STATUS AND DYNAMIC CHANGE OF REGIONAL MANLAND SYSTEM IN VIEW OF MICRO-LEVEL QUANTITATIVE ASPECT ——Case Study of Gongyi City of Henan Province

1INTRODUCTION Thequantitativestudyofregionalman-earthrelationship system can be traced back to a long time ago. Paul Vidal de la Blache, a human geographer from France, put for- ward the idea of man-earth relativity, which was further developed by his student named Jean Brunhen (BRUN- HEN, 1935). In the early 1980s, WU Chuan-jun, an aca- demician from Chinese Academy of Sciences, expanded the view of the man-earth areal system (WU, 1981), and he believed that onlythese qualitative …     

Calculation of partial melting equilibria in the system Na2O–CaO–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (NCKFMASH)

A thermodynamic model for haplogranitic melts in the system Na₂O–CaO–K₂O–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O (NCKASH) is extended by the addition of FeO and MgO, with the data for the additional end‐members of the liquid incorporated in the Holland & Powell (1998) internally consistent thermodynamic dataset. The resulting dataset, with the software thermocalc , is then used to calculate melting relationships for metapelitic rock compositions. The main forms for this are P–T and T–X pseudosections calculated for particular rock compositions and composition ranges. The relationships in these full‐system pseudosections are controlled by the low‐variance equilibria in subsystems of NCKFMASH. In particular, the solidus relationships are controlled by the solidus relationships in NKASH, and the ferromagnesian mineral relationships are controlled by those in KFMASH. However, calculations in NCKFMASH allow the relationships between the common metapelitic minerals and silicate melt to be determined. In particular, the production of silicate melt and melt loss from such rocks allow observations to be made about the processes involved in producing granulite facies rocks, particularly relating to open‐system behaviour of rocks under high‐grade conditions.     

固体潮潮汐因子的特征频谱及其应用

本文应用非线性谱分析中的最大熵谱分析方法（ＭＥＭ）、和一般线性功率谱的分析方法，对固体潮潮汐因子的时间序列进行了综合研究，指出固体潮潮汐因子的时间序列中普遍存在明显的半月左右周期的特征频谱；将其应用于地震前兆的分析与探索，对固体潮潮汐因子特征频谱中的前兆变化特征进行了解释，得出结论：半月左右周期的频率域，是固体潮观测中前兆响应的一个重要主频域。     

Generalized Born scattering of elastic waves in 3-D media

It is well known that when a seismic wave propagates through an elastic medium with gradients in the parameters which describe it (e.g. slowness and density), energy is scattered from the incident wave generating low-frequency partial reflections. Many approximate solutions to the wave equation, e.g. geometrical ray theory (GRT), Maslov theory and Gaussian beams, do not model these signals. The problem of describing partial reflections in 1-D media has been extensively studied in the seismic literature and considerable progress has been made using iterative techniques based on WKBJ, Airy or Langer type ansätze. In this paper we derive a first-order scattering formalism to describe partial reflections in 3-D media. The correction term describing the scattered energy is developed as a volume integral over terms dependent upon the first spatial derivatives (gradients) of the parameters describing the medium and the solution. The relationship we derive could, in principle, be used as the basis for an iterative scheme but the computational expense, particularly for elastic media, will usually prohibit this approach. The result we obtain is closely related to the usual Born approximation, but differs in that the scattering term is not derived from a perturbation to a background model, but rather from the error in an approximate Green's function. We examine analytically the relationship between the results produced by the new formalism and the usual Born approximation for a medium which has no long-wavelength heterogeneities. We show that in such a case the two methods agree approximately as expected, but that in a media with heterogeneities of all wavelengths the new gradient scattering formalism is superior. We establish analytically the connection between the formalism developed here and the iterative approach based on the WKBJ solution which has been used previously in 1-D media. Numerical examples are shown to illustrate the examples discussed.