碎石土滑坡渗流系统特征及防治措施研究

碎石土滑坡由于内部含有大量的碎块石,容易形成架空结构,使其内部拥有独特的渗流系统。不同结构的碎石土形成的渗流通道不同,导致滑坡体的失稳情形也各不相同,因此,针对性的防治措施也难于制定。福建省安溪县岩山角落滑坡具有多元结构碎石土滑坡的特征。在对碎石土滑坡进行物探、钻探、水位监测等多重手段整体勘测的基础上,利用SketchUp软件进行建模分析,获取了多元结构碎石土滑坡渗流系统与滑坡物质结构在空间上的关系,并对两类渗流系统的变形敏感性和降雨敏感性进行对比。结果显示,粗石状碎石土区域以集中渗流为主,假斑状碎石土区域以管网状渗流为主,前者对降雨的敏感性较后者高,而受渗流通道的整体强度和渗流稳定性的影响,前者对于滑坡变形的敏感性要低于后者。基于上述分析,确定采用抗滑桩和排水盲沟等工程措施进行治理,根据地下水监测数据和现场验证,治理效果良好,可供其他类似滑坡防治工程提供借鉴与参考。     

南洞地下河流域南部岩溶石漠化空间分布特征分析

基于2013年9月29日GF-1号WFV遥感数据对南洞地下河流域蒙自幅、个旧幅、新安幅和鸣鹫幅进行岩溶石漠化遥感解译,通过归一化植被指数（NDVI）和植被覆盖度（FVC）提取研究区域内石漠化信息,得到其空间分布规律。研究区岩溶石漠化发生率74.55%,属石漠化高发地区,其中中度石漠化最为发育,占全区石漠化的32.63%,重度石漠化最少,占17.59%。基于岩性、高程、坡向和坡度等4个影响因素与岩溶石漠化进行相关性分析,对不同因素中石漠化发生率的变化规律进行分析,结果表明南洞地下河流域南部区域岩溶石漠化在低海拔、缓坡度和纯碳酸盐岩中较为发育,在不同坡向中岩溶石漠化发育程度则较为相似。      

稠油油藏井间泥岩夹层对双水平井SAGD开发效果的影响

为定量描述稠油油藏蒸汽辅助重力泄油(SAGD)开采过程中注采井间夹层对双水平井泄油通道与开发效果的影响,针对新疆油田A区块,利用CMG数值模拟软件建立了表征SAGD注采井间夹层的数值模拟模型,对注采井间存在不同大小、间距及物性夹层情况下的SAGD蒸汽腔发育形态与开发效果进行对比,得到了稠油油藏夹层非均质影响SAGD开发的临界特征参数。矿场实际的非均质SAGD井组夹层展布特征、蒸汽腔发育特征及生产效果对比结果表明,得到的结论与矿场实践一致,因此可用于指导并实现经济、高效的稠油油藏双水平井SAGD开发。     

Discontinuous headwater stream networks with stable flowheads,Salmon River basin,Idaho

Headwater streams expand, contract, and disconnect in response to seasonal moisture conditions or those related to individual precipitation events. The fluctuation of the surface flow extent, or active drainage network, reflects catchment storage characteristics and has important impacts on stream ecology; however, the hydrological mechanisms that drive this phenomenon are still uncertain. Here, we present field surveys of the active drainage networks of four headwater streams in Central Idaho's Frank Church‐River of No Return Wilderness (7–21 km²) spanning the spring and summer months of 2014. We report the total length of the active drainage networks, which varied as a power law function with stream discharge with an average exponent of 0.11 ± 0.03 (range of 0.05–0.20). Generally, these active drainage networks were less responsive to changes in discharge than many streams in past studies. We observed that the locations where surface flow originates, or flowheads, were often stable, and an average of 64% of the change in active drainage network length was explained by downstream discontinuities. Analysis of geologic and geomorphic characteristics of individual watersheds and flowheads suggests that most flowheads below approximately 2200 m are supported by stable flowpaths controlled by bedrock structure. At higher elevations, small accumulation areas and saturation of shallow and conductive soil and colluvium after snowmelt result in more mobile flowhead locations. The dynamics of active drainage networks can help illuminate the spatiotemporal structure of flowpaths supporting surface flow. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大型地下水封石油洞库施工过程力学特性研究

施工过程对地下工程岩土力学性质具有重要影响。以国内首个在建的大型地下水封石油储库为背景,运用流-固耦合理论,研究了不同排水条件下大型地下水封石油洞库的施工过程力学特征。研究表明排水条件和开挖顺序对洞库渗流场和稳定性具有重要影响。排水条件下洞库围岩孔隙水压力小于不排水条件下,而同在排水条件下不同开挖顺序洞库孔隙水压力时空分布和涌水量也不相同。排水条件下洞壁围岩松动区范围远小于不排水条件下范围,但两种条件下应力场时空分布规律均与开挖顺序密切相关。排水条件下洞库围岩水平收敛小于拱顶沉降,而不排水条件下洞库围岩水平收敛大于拱顶沉降。在相同排水条件下围岩变形与开挖顺序有关。研究成果不但可以为大型地下水封石油洞库建设提供依据,还可丰富施工过程力学理论内涵。     

吹填土强夯加排水地基处理的数值分析与应用

强夯加排水地基处理方法是近年来发展的一种地基处理技术,在吹填土地基处理方面得到了广泛应用。根据强夯能量耗散分析与土体密实机制,基于冲击荷载作用下孔隙水压力的发展模式,建立了强夯加排水地基处理的数值分析模型,并采用有限差分法进行了求解。采用编写的数值程序分析了强夯过程中超孔隙水压力的发展与土体密实效果,以及土体渗透系数、单击时间间隔以及砂井间距等对加固效果的影响,讨论了“重锤少夯”和“轻锤多夯”的差异,并与工程实例进行了比较。研究结果表明,建立的数值模型可以模拟强夯加排水地基处理的施工过程,较好地反映强夯过程中孔隙水压力的发展变化规律和加固效果。排水措施的设置有利于超孔隙水压力消散和加固深部土体,进而提高土体加固效果和缩短工期。最后,根据数值分析结果,提出了强夯加排水地基处理的合理设计建议。     

电极布置形式对电渗效果影响的试验研究

以提高电渗效率、改善电渗效果为目标,通过室内模型试验研究了长方形、梅花形和平行错位3种不同电极布置形式对电渗排水效果的影响。试验采用铝管电极,并保证各组试验处理面积、外加电压和处理时间一致。通过比较分析各试验排水量、电流降低率、裂缝开展和能耗系数得到以下结果：电极长方形布置时,裂缝最为规则、排水效果一般;电极平行错位布置时,排水效果最好,电流降低率最大,但从能耗系数的角度来评判仍然表现最好;电极梅花形布置时,裂缝开展最复杂,且产生了纵截面贯穿裂缝,严重影响了后期的电渗效果,但在裂缝大量开展前,其电流降低率极小。总结室内试验的结果,建议优先采用电极平行错位布置形式进行电渗处理。     

煤层气开发中的层间矛盾问题——以柳林地区为例

直井分层压裂及合层排采能有效降低煤层气勘探开发成本,提高煤层气产能,但层间矛盾的干扰制约了这一排采工艺的推广。借鉴常规油气层间矛盾问题相关理论,首次提出并总结了煤层气开发中层间矛盾的概念、特点和影响因素。通过分析柳林地区典型井产能曲线特征,剖析了该区层间矛盾的特征和原因。结果表明:柳林地区合层排采太原组煤层（8号+9号）和合层排采山西组与太原组煤层（3号+4号+5号与8号+9号）时,层间矛盾问题严重;引起该层间矛盾的原因有煤层物性特征和煤层顶底板水文地质条件因素,其中8号煤层顶板水文地质条件是引发该区层间矛盾的主要因素。      

利用线粒体DNA 控制区部分序列分析不同地理群体大泷六线鱼遗传多样性

利用PCR技本扩增了6个野生地理群体大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)线粒体DNA控制区的部分序列,共获得352bp碱基序列,31尾个体定义了22种单倍型.中性检验Fu's Fs值为-0.14881(P＜0.01).分子变异分析(AMOVA)结果显示:遗传分化指数Fst=0.7398(P＜0.01),73.98％的变异来自群体间,26.02％的变异来自群体内.根据不同个体间的遗传距离构建了NJ和MP系统树,两种方法获得了相似的进化树.其中青岛群体与旅顺群体的一部分个体单独成支,其它群体聚为1支.研究结果表明,大泷六线鱼群体遗传多样性较为丰富,群体间发生了较大的遗传分化,证明线粒体DNA控制区基因可用于大泷六线鱼群体内及群体间遗传多样性的分析.     

Nitrogen budget in the Changjiang River drainage area

We established a budget model of nitrogen (N) inputs and outputs between watersheds and waterbodies to determine the sources of riverine N in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River drainage area. Nitrogen inputs in the budget included N from synthetic fertilizer, biological fixation by leguminous and other crops, wet/dry atmospheric deposition, excreta from humans and animals, and crop residues. The total N input was estimated to be 17.6 Tg, of which 20% or 3.5 Tg N was transported into waterbodies. Of the total N transported into waterbodies, the largest proportion was N from animal waste (26%), followed by N from atmospheric wet/dry deposition (25%), synthetic fertilizer N (17%), N in sewage wastes (17%), N in human waste from rural areas (6%) and industrial wastewater N (9%). We studied the spatial patterns of N inputs and outputs by dividing the Changjiang River drainage area into four sub-basins, from upstream to downstream: the Tongtian River drainage area (TTD, the headwater drainage area, 138 000 km 2 , less disturbed by human activities); the Jinsha River drainage area (JSD, 347 000 km 2 , less disturbed by human activities, approx. 3 500 km upstream of the Changjiang estuary); the Pingshan-Yichang drainage area (PYD, 520 500 km 2 , large-scale human disturbance, about 2 000 km upstream of the Changjiang estuary); and the Yichang-Datong drainage area (YDD, 699 900 km 2 , large-scale human disturbance, approx. 620 km upstream of the Changjiang estuary). The average N input into waterbodies was 2.3, 7.3, 24.1, and 28.2 kg N/ha in the TTD, JSD, PYD, and YDD sub-basins, respectively, suggesting an increase of N-components of more than 10 times from upstream to downstream areas.