IN SITU MEASUREMENTS OF BASAL WATER QUALITY AND PRESSURE AS AN INDICATOR OF THE CHARACTER OF SUBGLACIAL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

Continuous subglacial measurements of turbidity and electrical conductivity — two indicators of basal water quality — can be used to help characterize subglacial drainage systems. These indicators of water quality yield information that complements that provided by water pressure measurements. Quantitative attributes of subglacial drainage systems, such as water velocity and subglacial residence time, as well as qualitative behaviour — for example, spatial and temporal variations in system morphology — can be deduced using water quality measurements. Interpretation is complicated by the many potential influences on turbidity and electrical conductivity, but when these complications are appreciated a richer interpretation results. To demonstrate the utility of basal water quality measurements, observations from Trapridge Glacier, Yukon Territory, Canada were examined. The data reveal complex behaviour of the drainage system, but constraints imposed by basal water quality measurements help to clarify the nature of the subglacial flow system. The measurement and interpretation methods described and demonstrated are applicable to other glaciers. As such, they should prove useful for characterizing different subglacial drainage configurations and behaviours, thereby improving our general understanding of the hydrology and dynamics of wet-based glaciers.     

VELOCITY–DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIPS DERIVED FROM DYE TRACER EXPERIMENTS IN GLACIAL MELTWATERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR SUBGLACIAL FLOW CONDITIONS

Repeated dye tracer tests were undertaken from individual moulins at Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, over a number of diurnal discharge cycles during the summers of 1989–1991. It was hoped to use the concepts of at-a-station hydraulic geometry to infer flow conditions in subglacial channels from the form of the velocity–discharge relationships derived from these tests. The results, however, displayed both clockwise and anticlockwise velocity–discharge hysteresis, in addition to the simple power function relationship assumed in the hydraulic geometry approach. Clockwise hysteresis seems to indicate that a moulin drains into a small tributary channel rather than directly into an arterial channel, and that discharges in the two channels vary out of phase with each other. Anticlockwise hysteresis is accompanied by strong diurnal variations in the value of dispersivity derived from the dye breakthrough curve, and is best explained by hydraulic damming of moulins or sub/englacial passageways. Despite the complex velocity–discharge relationships observed, some indication of subglacial flow conditions may be obtained if tributary channels comprise only a small fraction of the drainage path and power function velocity–discharge relationships are derived from dye injections conducted during periods when the supraglacial discharge entering the moulin and the bulk discharge vary in phase. Analyses based on this premise suggest that both open and closed channel flow occur beneath Haut Glacier d'Arolla, and that flow conditions are highly variable at and between sites.     

关于水资源总量计算的探讨

一个地区的水资源量,相对来说无论是地表水资源还是地下水资源均处于相对动态平衡之中。天然状态下,水资源总量等于地表水径流量与地下水天然排泄量之和,再减去地下水枯月天然排泄量(即地下水恒转化为河川基流量的部分)。     

广州市南沙区万顷沙网河区排涝调蓄演算研究

快速城市化进程改变了城市地区原有下垫面,不透水层面积增加,暴雨期间汇流时间缩短,洪峰流量加大,进而导致城市内涝加剧,严重影响城市的防洪安全.本研究以广州市南沙区万顷沙网河区为研究对象,基于水量平衡的调蓄演算方法,对研究区域蓄排设施的规模进行分析;构建MIKE11一维网河模型,对涝区水情进行模拟,校核排涝工程规模,并对工...     

钱塘江河口风暴潮经验预报

钱塘江河口的风暴潮预报工作可归结为澉浦或乍浦两个单站的预报,这使得经验预报成为可能。利用一种动力线性模型将动力学的线性问题转化为统计学的线性回归模型,通过合理选取预报量及预报因子,并采用正交筛选技术确定每个预报因子所对应的系数,建立经验预报方程。后报结果表明该方法可取得较好的效果。     

加权总体最小二乘的效率优化算法

加权总体最小二乘法是理论上估计EIV模型参数相对严密的方法,其迭代过程中涉及的矩阵运算较为耗时,在处理大量级数据时尤其明显。PEIV模型有助于提高加权总体最小二乘法的计算效率。本文基于PEIV模型和经典最小二乘准则给出了一种加权总体最小二乘法算法,算法的推导过程简洁,易于理解,迭代过程中无需重构矩阵,减少了矩阵运算量。最后通过仿真试验验证了算法的可靠性。试验结果表明,本文算法可以取得与现有算法相同的参数估计精度且计算效率更高。     

基于改进的向后-向前选择法粗差定位与估值算法

对传统的向后-向前选择法粗差定位方法进行改进,即在原有基础上加入对平差模型的整体检验,计算统计量的相关系数,通过对偏相关系数的检验来定位统计量相关的粗差观测值。通过模拟粗差算例证明,该算法能够准确定位多维粗差,有效改善粗差定位转移的现象,且粗差估值结果比较可靠。     

一种机载GNSS高精度定位算法

提出部分模糊度固定的加权电离层模型提高大范围全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)航空定位的精度、可靠性及连续性.该方法的主要思路包括:自适应调整大气扰动等误差影响以实现短基线与长基线两类解算模式之间的灵活切换;施加虚拟电离层观测约束信息,提高基线动态定位的浮点解精度;采用部分模糊度固定方法有效挖掘若干模糊度参数的整周约束.试验表明,提出的方法可提高模糊固定效率与定位精度,克服传统方法有效观测信息利用率不足、定位精度较差、可靠性不高以及连续性较差的问题.实验结果表明,部分模糊度固定算法可在2 min内固定95%以上宽巷模糊度解算与80%以上窄巷模糊度,约20 min后可固定所有模糊度.     

黄土丘陵沟壑第三副区水文地貌关系正确DEM的建立与评价

本文以黄土丘陵沟壑第三副区的藉河流域为研究区,利用ANUDEM软件和1:5万地形图研究了水文地貌关系正确DEM的建立方法,从派生等高线与原始数字化等高线对比等方面对建立的DEM进行了质量评价。并且与传统TIN方法建立的不同水平分辨率的DEM做了比较。结果表明:由等高线、高程点、河流和陡崖线在ANUDEM5.1中生成的DEM质量优于由等高线、高程点和地形特征点用TIN方法生成的DEM。ANUDEM建立的DEM更能精确地反映水文地貌特征。在此基础上,研究了确定集水面积阈值的方法,通过在Arc/Info环境下运行AML程序自动提取了基于水文地貌关系正确DEM的流域特征。     

提高机采水平的配套技术及应用

随着濮城油田的持续性高速开发,油田综合含水逐渐上升,油水井井况进一步恶化,作为油田生产主体的机械采油井躺井频繁、管杆泵使用寿命缩短。近几年中原油田采油二厂濮城油田年平均躺井数达560井次之多,导致机械采油井维护费用增加,管杆泵投入增大,严重制约着油田的生产和经营。通过加缓蚀剂在油管内壁形成保护油膜,起到润滑作用;应用特殊抽油杆防腐止磨;应用尼龙扶正器对抽油杆体扶正,避免了钢体与钢体的硬磨;应用旋转井口通过地面人力转动改变油管与抽油杆的偏磨面;配合合理生产参数;各种配套技术的合理应用,使濮城油田躺井减少,避免了频繁作业,增加长寿井,管杆泵投入节约了19.3%。