评估地震人员伤亡的软件系统

设计了地震人员伤亡评估系统软件包，并利用该系统对北京地区假定地震发生后的人员伤亡进行了预测。为设计该系统，建立了北京地区的人口数据库、唐山和邢台地震人员伤亡数据库，对一天中人在不同时间段逗留在房屋内部的概率进行了讨论，从而建立了地震人员伤亡评估的数学模型。该系统作为地震灾害评估系统的子系统，主要用于地震人员伤亡的快速评估     

1970年通海7.7级地震人员伤亡研究

本详细阐述了通海地震中人员伤亡的空间分布，对人员伤亡率与房屋倒塌率及地震裂度的关系进行了分析。同时讨论了影响人员伤亡的几种主要因素，给出了人员伤亡率与房屋倒塌率及地震裂的经验关系。认为地震主要伤亡区的分布受发震构造的控制，而建筑类型、地形地貌是影响人员伤的主要因素。     

松潘地区岩金统计成矿予测中泛克立格法的应用

川西北地区是国内重要的岩金普查靶区。本文对松潘地区的地质特征,泛克立格法原理,及在本区的应用情况作了介绍,对主要计算步骤,给出基本结果,对计算获得的有意义异常区,进行地质解释,并将此方法与趋势面分析进行对比。     

Least squares best-fit circles (with applications to Mohr''s diagram)

Procedures are outlined for the selection of a least squares best-fit circle to data points defined by rectangular Cartesian coordinates. Equations are derived to allow fitting of circles centered on the x-axis as well as off-axis Mohr circles. These procedures are applicable to the estimation of second-order tensors such as stress and strain by means of Mohr's diagram.     

Storm surges in the northern part of the Sea of Japan

All the available historic records of sea level and appropriate weather charts have been used to study storm surges in the northern part of the Sea of Japan. The generation of surges in this area was investigated by means of a two-dimensional numerical model. Computed sea levels were compared with hourly observed residual sea levels in De-Kastri. The agreement between computed and observed storm surges is quite satisfactory. The relative importance of various meteorological parameters and bottom topography in formation of the strong storm surge on 20–21 September 1975 was studied numerically.     

Enhanced data and methods for improving open and free global population grids: putting ‘leaving no one behind’ into practice

ABSTRACT

Data on global population distribution are a strategic resource currently in high demand in an age of new Development Agendas that call for universal inclusiveness of people. However, quality, detail, and age of census data varies significantly by country and suffers from shortcomings that propagate to derived population grids and their applications. In this work, the improved capabilities of recent remote sensing-derived global settlement data to detect and mitigate major discrepancies with census data is explored. Open layers mapping built-up presence were used to revise census units deemed as ‘unpopulated’ and to harmonize population distribution along coastlines. Automated procedures to detect and mitigate these anomalies, while minimizing changes to census geometry, preserving the regional distribution of population, and the overall counts were developed, tested, and applied. The two procedures employed for the detection of deficiencies in global census data obtained high rates of true positives, after verification and validation. Results also show that the targeted anomalies were significantly mitigated and are encouraging for further uses of free and open geospatial data derived from remote sensing in complementing and improving conventional sources of fundamental population statistics.     

Visual classification of very fine-grained sediments: Evaluation through univariate and multivariate statistics

Classifying very fine-grained rocks through fabric elements provides information about depositional environments, but is subject to the biases of visual taxonomy. To evaluate the statistical significance of an empirical classification of very fine-grained rocks, samples from Devonian shales in four cored wells in West Virginia and Virginia were measured for 15 variables: quartz, illite, pyrite and expandable clays determined by X-ray diffraction; total sulfur, organic content, inorganic carbon, matrix density, bulk density, porosity, silt, as well as density, sonic travel time, resistivity, and -ray response measured from well logs. The four lithologic types comprised: (1) sharply banded shale, (2) thinly laminated shale, (3) lenticularly laminated shale, and (4) nonbanded shale. Univariate and multivariate analyses of variance showed that the lithologic classification reflects significant differences for the variables measured, difference that can be detected independently of stratigraphic effects. Little-known statistical methods found useful in this work included: the multivariate analysis of variance with more than one effect, simultaneous plotting of samples and variables on canonical variates, and the use of parametric ANOVA and MANOVA on ranked data.     

Appraisal of Seismic Hazard Parameters for the Seismic Regions of the East Circum-Pacific Belt Inferred from a Bayesian Approach

The assessment of seismic hazard parameters is important in the seismically active regions. A straightforward approach is considered for the statistical estimation of the maximum values of earthquake hazard parameters. The Bayesian estimator is suggested and emphasis is given to the evaluation of the maximum possible M_max (regional) magnitude in a future time interval T. This approach allows the uncertainty of earthquake magnitude to be accounted for. Seismic hazard parameters like the -value which is the slope of the magnitude-frequency law (where, b = log_e) and the intensity (rate) of seismic activity and their uncertainties are also estimated. The quantiles of functions of distributions of true and apparent magnitude on a given time interval [0, T] are evaluated, as well. Two main assumptions are adopted for the method:(1) earthquake occurrence is Poissonian and(2) the magnitude-frequency law is of Gutenberg-Richter type with a cutoff maximum value of magnitude. It is needless to say the seismic catalog used must have a large number of events. This requirement leads to the estimation of the parameters referred to some of the most seismically active regions of the world, e.g., Chile, Peru-Equador-South Colombia,Central America and Mexico, which belong to the east part of the circum-Pacific belt.     

Spectroscopic Study of a Large Sample of Galaxies Discovered in the Second Byurakan Survey Fields

The Second Byurakan Survey (SBS) is a well known combined survey, which uses the presence of UV-excess radiation in the continuum, or the presence of emission-lines in the spectra for the identification of active and star-forming galaxies. This paper reports on a comparative study of 77 galaxies identified with UV-excess, and 34 galaxies identified via emission-line techniques in the fields of the SBS. The spectroscopic parameters used for the comparison are the [OII]3727/H and [OIII]5007/H emission-lines ratios, the equivalent widths of [OII]3727, [OIII]5007 and H emission-lines, and the C _[OII]-C _H index. Spectroscopic parameters as well as new redshifts were determined from the spectra obtained with the 6m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory (Russia). The main results are: 1) Galaxies discovered via UV-excess technique are preferably more active. 2) Galaxies discovered via emission-line technique are preferably high-excitation low-luminosity star-forming galaxies. 3) UV-excess galaxies with faintest UV-excess radiation are likely candidates to be LINER or Sy2 type objects.     

Calculation of Uncertainty in the Variogram

There are often limited data available in early stages of geostatistical modeling. This leads to considerable uncertainty in statistical parameters including the variogram. This article presents an approach to calculate the uncertainty in the variogram. A methodology to transfer this uncertainty through geostatistical simulation and decision making is also presented.The experimental variogram value for a separation lag vector h is a mean of squared differences. The variance of a mean can be calculated with a model of the correlation between the pairs of data used in the calculation. The data here are squared differences; therefore, we need a measure of a 4-point correlation. A theoretical multi-Gaussian approach is presented for this uncertainty assessment together with a number of examples. The theoretical results are validated by numerical simulation. The simulation approach permits generalization to non-Gaussian situations.Multiple plausible variograms may be fit knowing the uncertainty at each variogram point, . Multiple geostatistical realizations may then be constructed and subjected to process assessment to measure the impact of this uncertainty.