江淮丘陵区秋季开花植物的花粉形态与生态因子

应用光学显微镜对江淮丘陵区合肥秋季开花的24种植物花粉形态进行了观察和研究,结果表明:花粉粒呈超扁球形至长球形,P/E值最大和最小的花粉分别为丝兰(Yucca smalliana Fern.)和桂花(Osmanthus fragrans(Thunb.)Lour.);体积最大的花粉为丝瓜(Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem.),最小的为香槐(Cladrastis wilsonii Takeda.)。花粉的萌发孔主要有单沟、3～6沟、不规则散沟、三孔沟、2～4孔及散孔等6种类型,其外壁纹饰主要包括刺状、细网状、粗网状、颗粒状及条纹穿孔等5种类型。该研究为花粉分布区提供了地理位置(31°31′～32°37′N,116°40′～117°52′E)、海拔高度(70～20 m)、年降水量(900～1 000 mm)和≥10℃的年积温(4 500～5 300℃)等主要生态因子。     

银川盆地35ka以来古植被演化的类脂分子记录

为了更好地了解干旱-半干旱区的植被类型及其演化规律,利用气相色谱仪对银川盆地冰沟剖面河湖相沉积物中的正构烷烃进行了检测,结果显示其正构烷烃碳数分布范围为C15~C34,奇碳优势明显,以C29或C31为主峰的单峰型为主,但少量样品也出现双峰型分布模式。通过对冰沟剖面正构烷烃分布特征、碳优势指数CPI和L/H（ΣC21-/ΣC22+）指标的详细分析得知其有机质来源以陆生高等植物占主导优势。结合年代数据、有机碳同位素、长链正构烷烃平均链长ACL和C33/(C33+C27)值重建出35.0ka以来银川盆地植被类型以 C3植物为主,并且C3和C4植物的相对比例变化主导受温度制约,而木本和草本植被的演化主要受控于水分条件。     

Holocene Vegetation and Climate Changes in the Huangqihai Lake Region, Inner Mongolia

A consensus on Holocene climate variability at the modern northern fringe of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) region remains elusive. Here, we present a pollen-based reconstruction of vegetation history and associated climate variations of a sediment core from Huangqihai Lake, central Inner Mongolia. During 10.7 to 8.8 cal kaBP, typical steppe with small patches of forest dominated the lake area, suggesting a moderately wet climate, followed by ameliorating climatic conditions until 8.0 cal kaBP as deduced by the expansion of forest. Typical steppe recovered the lake area between 8.0 and 7.2 cal kaBP, reflecting a deterioration of climatic conditions; in combination with other proxy records in the study region, we noticed that severe aridity was prevailed in the lake area between 8.0 and 7.6 cal kaBP. During 7.2 to 3.2 cal kaBP, abundant tree pollen indicated dominance of forest-steppe around the lake, marking regionally wet conditions. A notable absence of broadleaved trees after 5.2 cal kaBP reveals a slight drying trend, and climate deterioration from 4.5 to 4.1 cal kaBP might be linked to the 4.2 ka event. After 3.2 cal kaBP, a transition to steppe was associated with dry conditions in the region. Based on our pollen record and prior paleoclimatic reconstructions in the Huangqihai Lake region, there was a generally-accepted, stepwise shift to a wet climate during the early Holocene, an overall humid climate from 7.2 to 3.2 cal kaBP, and then severe drought for the rest of the Holocene. Moreover, regional comparisons among pollen records derived from lakes situated in the temperate steppe region suggested a roughly synchronous pattern of vegetation and climate changes during the Holocene and demonstrated an intensified EASM during the middle Holocene.     

长江上源布曲盆地晚更新世湖相沉积的发现及其古植被与古气候

在青海省西南部青藏公路东南侧的通天河支流——布曲北岸 (33°4 4′4 5 .2″N,92°11′2 8.1″E) ,发现一条拔河 0～ 18m的湖相沉积剖面。湖相沉积物的 U系测年结果为 88.9～ 5 6 .2 ka,确定其沉积时代为晚更新世早中期。结合孢粉分析结果 ,本文探讨了青海省西部地区通天河及布曲流域晚更新世早中期的古植被与古气候。初步研究表明 ,在该剖面的下部和上部沉积期间 ,当地生长松、桦、冷杉等乔木和蒿等草本植物 ,气候比较温暖湿润。剖面中部沉积期间 ,蒿、藜、禾本科和麻黄等草原植被明显增多 ,气候凉爽干燥。剖面沉积期间气候曾经历过温暖湿润和凉爽干燥的波动。植被与气候的变化具有从末次间冰期晚期经末次冰期早冰段到末次冰期间冰段中期的特征     

天目山泥炭类脂物记录的微生物特征和植被演替

为进一步了解泥炭中微生物特征和植被的变化,对采自浙江天目山的样品进行了类脂生物标志物与有机碳同位素(δ13Corg)的测定。有机碳δ13Corg值整体偏负,显示C3植物占优势的特点。正构烷烃的分布特征表明,大多数样品来源于陆生高等植物和低等菌藻类生物,其中高碳数正构烷烃主要以C29为主峰,显示植被类型以木本植物为主,但草本植物的相对比例也发生了多次变化,且这种变化与有机质的相对贡献量密切相关。在深度100~68cm,不同来源的有机质,特别是低等菌藻类的相对贡献量都相对较少;在深度68~30cm,低等菌藻类生物的贡献逐渐变大;而表层泥炭的有机质主要来源于高等植被,菌藻类的输入较少。泥炭有机碳同位素与类脂生物标志物的综合特征表明,该区植被经历了几次明显变化,并据此可将研究区中全新世以来环境演化分为早(4100~3200aB.P.)、中(3200~700aB.P.)、晚(700aB.P.以来)三个环境演化阶段,其结论与前人的环境演化与全球气候变化研究具有较好的可比性。     

抚顺盆地东露天煤矿早始新世孢粉组合特征及其古气候意义

系统研究了抚顺盆地东露天煤矿主煤层古城子组植物孢粉组合特征,并采用共存分析法(coexistence approach)定量分析了该区早始新世古气候。笔者在古城子组共发现孢粉化石71属159种,其中,被子植物花粉莫米粉(Momipites)、山核桃粉(Caryapollenites)、榆粉(Ulmipollenits)和栎粉(Quercoidites)含量较高;裸子植物花粉含量高,以杉粉(Taxodiaceaepollenites)和无口器粉(Inaperturopollenites)占绝对优势;蕨类植物孢子以水龙骨单缝孢(Polypodiaceaesporites)及紫萁孢(Osmundacidites)为主。亚热带类群丰富且花粉含量较高(56.3%~91.8%)。孢粉组合反映了该盆地分布以杉科(Taxodiaceae)丰富为特征的沼泽湿地林,可能为重要的成煤植物;盆地低山地带分布有常绿和阔叶落叶混交林为主的森林植被。通过共存分析法获得抚顺盆地早始新世年均温为14.9℃~15.8℃,年均降水量为1011.3~1163 mm。孢粉植物群特征及古气候参数综合分析,抚顺盆地早始新世属于温暖湿润的亚热带气候。     

Reconstructing the spatial distribution of large vegetation formations during the mid-Holocene in Romania: a predictive modeling approach

The present study tests the usefulness of SoLIM software and GIS techniques for the reconstruction of large vegetation formations from the mid-Holocene period in Romania. We used current reference climate data (temperature, precipitation) and the current extent of ecological regions in Romania to derive climate optimality functions for each vegetation formation. The optimality functions were used to simulate current and past distributions of vegetation. The results showed that the current and mid-Holocene simulated spatial distributions of vegetation are quite similar. Changes were found for about 14% of the Romanian territory (33 946 km²), the most important being the retreat of coniferous forests in favor of mixed forests and of mixed forests in favor of forest steppe. The former is validated by previous pollen-based studies showing the transition from coniferous forests to mixed forests that occurred in several areas of the country after the mid-Holocene. The study demonstrates the potential of this methodological approach to reconstruct past vegetation formations, and at the same time that it is a straightforward and expert knowledge-based method. Although our application uses only climate factors, the results can be further refined by incorporating additional drivers (soil and landform information, site-specific pollen and fossil data, wildfire data) for a more accurate inference of paleovegetation.     

黄土有机碳同位素与古气候植被定量化研究进展

定量化重建黄土高原地区的古气候和古植被,是黄土研究的新方向和趋势。利用黄土δ13Corg值定量化恢复古植被的研究已经比较多,而定量化恢复古降水则是一种较新的尝试。土壤δ13Corg值与植被相对生物量以及气候参数之间的关系机制比较清楚,根据土壤δ13Corg值重建的古降水和古植被状况是可接受的。针对研究中存在的一些问题,提出以后应重点加强不同生态条件下植物转化为有机质过程中的碳同位素分馏研究,多因素综合探讨其它气候和环境要素与土壤δ13Corg值之间的关系,使定量化研究更加准确。     

福州马尾全新世孢粉组合及其地质意义

选择福州马尾青州ZK32钻孔岩芯,作为该地区全新世沉积地层的代表,进行系统的孢粉研究,得出六个孢粉组合,恢复了福州马尾全新世古植被、古气候,探讨了福州马尾全新世地层的划分以及气候与海面变化关系。     

黔西高原末次冰期晚期古植被及西南季风演变*

黔西高原的长时间序列孢粉记录比较少,限制了对该地区末次冰期晚期古植被及西南季风演化过程和机制的认识。本研究通过对黔西高原一个连续的古湖泊沉积物孢粉记录的分析,并结合AMS¹⁴C测年,重建黔西高原末次冰期晚期古植被及西南季风演化。结果表明: 轨道尺度上,MIS3(氧同位素3阶段)中晚期,黔西高原主要为木本、草本植物,喜湿的针叶树种较多,西南季风较强。MIS2(氧同位素2阶段)期间,喜湿的针叶树种减少,而草本、蕨类植物增多,指示气候冷干,西南季风减弱。千年尺度上,黔西高原西南季风响应于北大西洋冰漂碎屑事件及H3(Heninrich 3)、H2(Heninrich 2)和LGM(Last Glacial Maximum)事件,导致西南季风减弱,喜湿的针叶树种减少。通过对比发现,东亚夏季风和西南季风在轨道及千年尺度上协同演化,二者均响应于北半球高纬度太阳辐射变化及北大西洋冰漂碎屑事件。在19~18 cal ka BP,黔西高原经历最冷干气候,西南季风减弱,木本、草本植物近乎消失,而同期东亚夏季风增强,说明西南季风和东亚夏季风在冰后期上存在反相位关系。