Characteristics of rain events at an inland locality in northeastern Borneo,Malaysia

Understanding the intensity and duration of tropical rain events is critical to modelling the rate and timing of wet‐canopy evaporation, the suppression of transpiration, the generation of infiltration‐excess overland flow and hence to erosion, and to river responsiveness. Despite this central role, few studies have addressed the characteristics of equatorial rainstorms. This study analyses rainfall data for a 5 km² region largely comprising of the 4 km² Sapat Kalisun Experimental Catchment in the interior of northeastern Borneo at sampling frequencies from 1 min^?1 to 1 day^?1. The work clearly shows that most rainfall within this inland, forested area is received during regular short‐duration events (<15 min) that have a relatively low intensity (i.e. less than two 0·2 mm rain‐gauge tips in almost all 5 min periods). The rainfall appears localized, with significant losses in intergauge correlations being observable in minutes in the case of the typical mid‐afternoon, convective events. This suggests that a dense rain‐gauge network, sampled at a high temporal frequency, is required for accurate distributed rainfall‐runoff modelling of such small catchments. Observed rain‐event intensity is much less than the measured infiltration capacities, and thus supports the tenet of the dominance of quick subsurface responses in controlling river behaviour in this small equatorial catchment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

常德1631年大震事件的多场点群发式构造模型

根据对常德1631年地震事件的史料鉴别,尤其是江陵为典型七度震害这一事实,运用震声传播方向和地光物理场以及地震烈度衰减关系,拟合推断此地震事件的序列主要由安乡北6 3/4级地震、常德北太阳山7级地震、澧县6级地震、大庸6级地震和澧县—安乡6 1/2级地震组成,相应的地震地质背景是江汉—洞庭地区晚更新世以来的剩余形变呈四象限分布。若考虑地震-构造相关分布为“Z”字型,则该地震事件的主控构造——太阳山断裂带东断裂具左旋走滑的力学机制。根据区域地震—构造相关发展过程,常德大震事件可视为1668年郯城8 1/2级地震的前震序列组成部分。     

海相遗迹化石对显生宙生物大辐射事件的响应*

通过系统梳理前寒武纪和显生宙海相遗迹化石记录及笔者自己的研究,发现在寒武纪生命大爆发、奥陶纪生物大辐射、中生代海洋革命共3次里程碑式的生物大辐射过程中,海相遗迹化石的属级多样性变化和歧异度增减均与生物多样性呈正相关,生物扰动强度和深度明显增加,造迹生物的觅食策略和行为习性多样化明显增多。寒武纪生命大爆发时期,最有代表性的生物行为变化是出现了具有垂向分量的潜穴; 奥陶纪生物大辐射期间,海相遗迹化石的分布逐渐从滨、浅海扩展至半深海和深海,表现为造迹生物群落栖息地的扩张; 中生代海洋革命时期,海相和陆相遗迹化石同步增加,生物对生态空间利用的深度、广度和集约性同步增强,遗迹化石面貌表现为深海雕画迹的多样性和歧异度大幅增加、形态类型多样、多种觅食策略共存。地史时期的海相遗迹化石面貌受环境外因和生物内因控制,表现出形态由简到繁、分布范围由小到大的变化趋势,对生态空间的利用表现为由沉积物表层至浅层再到深层、由二维到三维、由局域(浅水)到广域(浅水和深水以及陆地)的发展,印证了生物获取生态机会的过程。     

青藏高原东缘湖相沉积和黄土高原黄土沉积磁化率与粒度相关性对比*

为探讨构造稳定地区(如黄土高原)和构造活跃地区(如青藏高原东缘)粉尘沉积物中磁化率(SUS)与粒度的相关性及其对环境事件的指示意义,本次研究分析了黄土高原蓝田剖面黄土—古土壤样品和青藏高原东缘湖相沉积样品的粒度和磁化率记录。黄土高原黄土—古土壤沉积SUS与2~10 μm粒度组分最强正相关,青藏高原东缘湖相沉积的SUS与2~10 μm粒度组分最强负相关,反映2~10 μm粒度组分为黄土高原和青藏高原乃至亚洲干旱—半干旱地区连续稳定敏感的背景沉积组分。黄土高原黄土—古土壤沉积的SUS与32~63 μm粒度组分最强负相关,青藏高原东缘湖相沉积的SUS与32~63 μm粒度组分最强正相关,反映32~63 μm粒度组分不仅是黄土高原尘暴事件沉积的敏感指标,也是青藏高原东缘湖相沉积记录的地震事件敏感指标。SUS与粒度组分的相关性在青藏高原东缘地区地震事件层开始部分高于结束部分,也较好地反映地震事件为研究区添加新鲜沉积物后随地形地貌恢复逐步减少的过程。SUS与粒度组分相关性也受当地物源的影响。     

洞穴滴水、石笋中元素及元素比值对气候环境变化响应的研究进展

滴水/石笋元素是除δ18O和δ13C,研究气候环境变化的又一重要代用指标。外界气候环境变化通过改变表层岩溶带和岩溶含水层中的水文环境,甚至洞穴环境,进而影响元素的溶解、运移和沉淀过程,从而使得滴水/石笋中元素表现一定的变化规律。本文通过分析影响洞穴滴水元素及元素比值变化的因素：元素来源、水—岩相互作用和滞留时间、差异性淋滤、先期碳酸盐沉淀及分配系数的基础上,从元素对岩溶区“二元结构”和极端天气/气候事件响应的角度,探讨了滴水/石笋中元素的气候环境指示意义。取得了以下认识：① 强降水带来的冲刷作用和溶解作用,促进土壤和基岩中元素、胶体和天然有机质（NOM：Natural Organic Matter）等物质在短时间内快速溶解和运移,使滴水中元素含量增加;但随着降水增多带来的稀释作用,使得滴水/石笋中Mg,Sr和Ba等元素含量降低,因此,单一元素的解译较为复杂;② 基岩/溶液中元素溶解和沉积的差异,导致元素相对含量的变化,使得元素X/Ca值对外界环境的响应具有一致性,尤其是Mg/Ca和Sr/Ca值：在干旱条件下,降水减少导致方解石先期沉积（PCP：Prior Calcite precipitation）作用增强,使Mg/Ca和Sr/Ca值增大。但目前存在着一些问题：① Mg/Ca和Sr/Ca值变化对强降水事件的响应并不明显,可能与新、老水混合及元素溶解过程中的溶解比例差别不大有关;② 多源、多期混合水源会导致洞穴滴水元素对极端事件响应减弱;③ Mg/Ca和Sr/Ca的变化为解释δ18O的“雨量效应”及“源效应”提供了见解,但元素变化能否反映季风强度的变化,仍有待进一步的研究。基于以上认识,笔者提出开展更加系统的大气—土壤—包气带—洞穴的监测;开展更高分辨率、更长时间尺度的洞穴监测;开展多区域、多洞穴系统对比研究来更加深入地开展洞穴石笋元素研究。     

构造活动影响下地质事件沉积序列：以鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7油层组为例

中晚三叠世,印支运动I幕导致秦岭隆升,同期地震、火山活动频发,在鄂尔多斯湖盆中保存了大量地质事件沉积层。为了认识构造活动影响下地质事件沉积序列,探讨地质历史时期内各类地质事件的耦合关系,从全新的角度认识大型坳陷湖盆的形成和演化过程,笔者等以鄂尔多斯盆地内部及周缘的长7油层组野外露头及钻井岩心中发育的关键事件沉积层为研究对象,对地震事件、浊流事件、火山事件、缺氧事件沉积特征和叠置关系进行研究。研究结果表明：在长7期,湖盆中多种事件沉积类型主要受控于中—晚三叠世秦岭造山运动,构造活动引起湖盆沉降,为事件沉积层的保存提供了条件;火山事件喷发的火山灰降落在湖盆中形成凝灰岩层,同时,也为湖盆缺氧事件创造了条件;沉积层因地震活动形成震积岩,而地震活动又是诱发浊流事件发生的关键因素;这些构造活动影响下的地质事件交替发生,共同构成长7油层组内各类事件沉积层的相互叠置关系。     

广西乐业泥盆系—石炭系沉积碳酸盐岩脉及地震事件沉积的新发现

广西右江盆地发育多个孤立碳酸盐岩台地,在各台地边缘广泛发育同沉积断层及沉积碳酸盐岩脉,常常发育地震事件记录。在广西乐业台地边缘上泥盆统融县组鲕粒灰岩、藻粘结灰岩等地层中新识别出多条晚泥盆世沉积灰岩脉:玛瑙纹状灰岩脉、白云岩脉、微晶灰岩脉及藻灰岩脉等,新识别出早石炭世海百合茎灰岩脉(内部结构呈高密度颗粒流状新类型),同时观察到同沉积断层及同生角砾岩、层内断错及原地震裂岩等,为沉积碳酸盐岩脉的成因提供新的证据,同时表明在乐业台地边缘,至少有两次同沉积正断层的活动,一次发生在晚泥盆世,诱发了脉及围岩均为晚泥盆世融县期的沉积碳酸盐岩脉、层内断错及原地震裂岩;一次发生在早石炭世,诱发的脉为早石炭世尧云岭期,围岩为上泥盆统融县组的沉积灰岩脉及伴生角砾岩。展示了在广西右江盆地发生张裂背景下,乐业台地边缘同沉积正断层活动,诱发地震事件,同时伴生张裂隙,即沉积灰岩脉的构造-沉积过程,是广西右江盆地在晚古生代伸展过程的历史记录。     

湖北神农架年纹层石笋记录的YD与8.2 ka事件转型模式研究

基于青天洞两支年纹层石笋QT16和QT40高分辨率δ18O序列,重建了Younger Dryas(YD)和8.2 ka期间季风突变细节过程。结果显示,亚洲季风强度在YD和8.2 ka事件内部并不稳定。在年层时标控制下,季风强度在YD早期最弱,随后缓慢上升,其间叠加三次百年尺度次级振荡;在8.2 ka期间,季风强度整体较弱,内部出现一次持续40 a左右的强季风事件,曲线形态类似"W"结构。运用"方差法"和"RAMPFIT"法分析显示,在两事件开始,季风衰减均表现出缓慢特征(转型时间占据事件整体历时的40%~50%),但在结束期间季风迅速增强,相似变化模式得到了同区其他石笋记录的支持。与格陵兰冰芯记录对比发现,尽管高、低纬气候在两事件结束时段变化特征基本类似,但在两事件开始,亚洲季风衰减过程却显著长于北高纬气温变化。与低纬记录对比显示,热带水文变化在两事件开始阶段均表现出与亚洲季风基本一致的演化趋势,表明亚洲季风的突变过程可能具有鲜明的低纬特色。这些细节差异若得到更多高分辨率地质记录验证,将有利于进一步认识亚洲季风对突变事件的响应方式及其动力学机制。     

The Paleoceanography during the Time with High δ13C of Phanerozoic marine carbonates

Carbon isotopic composition of marine carbonates is a record for various important geological events in the process of earth development and evolution. The carbonates of Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic, as the transition from Paleozoic to Mesozoic-Cenozoic have very high ¹³C value. Taking this as the main point, and combined with the oxygen, strontium isotopic composition in carbonates, distribution of carbonate basin area through geologic time, the correlation of carbon isotopic composition of marine carbonates to sea level change, organic carbon burial flux, exchange of CO₂ content in atmosphere and ocean, and long cycle evolution of the earth ecosystems were approached. The results are shown as follows: ①The interval of ¹³C >3‰ during Phanerozoic was concentrated in Carboniferous, Permian and the beginning of Triassic, but the beginning of Triassic was characterized by higher frequency and larger fluctuations in ¹³C value during a short time, whereas the Carboniferous-Permian presented a continuously stable high ¹³C value, indicating a larger amount of organic carbon accumulation in this time interval. Relatively high ¹⁸O values during this time was also observed, showing a long time of glaciations and cold climate, which suggest a connection among rapid organic carbon burial, cold climate, as well as pCO₂ and pO₂ states of atmosphere. ②The over consumption of atmosphere CO₂ by green plants during the time with high ¹³C of seawater forced CO₂ being transferred from ocean to atmosphere for the balance, but the decrease in the seawater amount and water column pressure caused by the global cooling could weaken dissolution capacity of CO₂ in seawater and carbon storage of marine carbonates, and also reduce the carbonate sedimentary rate and decrease the carbonate basin area globally from Devonian to Carboniferous and Permian. During the middle-late Permian carbonate was widely replaced by siliceous sediments even though in shallow carbonate platform, which resulted in the decrease of marine invertebrates, suggesting the Permian chert event should be global. ③The Phanerozoic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr trend of seawater showed a sharp fall in Permian and drop to a minimum at the end of the Permian, indicting input of strontium from the submarine hydrothermal systems (mantle flux). Such process should accompany with a supplement of CO₂ from deep earth to atmosphere and ocean system, but the process associated with widespread volcanism and rises of earth’s surface temperature pricked up the mass extinction during the time of end Permian. ④Cold climate and increase of continental icecap volume, the amalgamation of northern Africa and Laurentia continentals were the main reasons responsible for the sea level drop, but the water consumption result from the significantly increased accumulation of organic carbon should also be one of the reasons for the sea level drop on the order of tens of meters. ⑤The mass extinction at the end Permian was an inevitable event in the process of earth system adjustment. It was difficult for marine invertebrates to survive because of the continuously rapid burial of organic carbon, and of the decrease of sea water amount and its dissolution ability to CO₂. At last, at the end of Paleozoic, the supplement of CO₂ to atmosphere and ocean by widely magma activities resulted in a high temperature of earth surface and intensified mass extinction.     

钦-杭结合带在中生代构造转折事件以前的板块构造机制

钦州湾—杭州湾结合带是位于扬子与华夏两大古陆块中间的巨型构造结合带,在演化成西太平洋活动大陆边缘之前,经历了多期次的构造-岩浆事件。扬子和华夏板块于新元古代通过四堡造山运动(1 000~880 Ma)沿江山—绍兴断裂,经赣东北、湘中至钦州湾地区发生碰撞-拼合事件,拼合界线大致位于钦州湾—杭州湾结合带内,形成"两陆夹一盆"的主要格局。后碰撞过程经历了造山后岩浆活动和大陆拉张裂解两个过程,在结合带形成广阔的拉张盆地,加里东期(460~410 Ma)以及印支期(250~200 Ma)发生的碰撞-拼合事件导致扬子和华夏地块多次再造,引发强烈的构造-岩浆活动,并形成了华南统一的沉积环境。受西太平洋板块俯冲影响,华南地区中生代构造转折事件(125~140 Ma)使华南地区主要构造背景由碰撞挤压调整为岩石圈减薄,成为华南最重要的岩浆活动和成矿期。根据内部结构的不均一性和演化历史差异,钦州湾—杭州湾结合带可分为北段、中段和南段3段。其中,中段与传统南岭大体一致;北段为南岭以北地区,即绍兴—江山—萍乡一带;南段为南岭以南地区,大致与云开隆起—十万大山盆地相当。年代学和地球化学研究显示,在云开地块西缘的一系列变质基性岩、超基性岩和变质基性火山岩形成于新元古代洋中脊(MORB)或者岛弧(ITA)特征的构造环境,最近在岑溪一带发现形成于加里东期(441 Ma)的变质火山岩同样具有MORB型地球化学特征。在十万大山两侧发现早中生代的酸性火山岩和流纹岩具有典型岛弧型火山岩地球化学特征。可见结合带南段曾经存在古老洋壳,先后经历了新元古代、加里东期和印支期的碰撞造山事件,与北段演化历史具有一致性。