基于地面监测数据的潍坊市O3时空特征研究

采用2008—2016年潍坊市38个监测站点O3的监测数据,按照时刻、日、月、季度等不同时间尺度,运用统计方法得出潍坊市O3污染时空特征,并对其成因进行分析,得出了以下结论:1)在9年时间里,O3污染在2009年以后逐渐呈下降趋势,2014年出现轻微波动;2)O3具有明显的季节变化特征,夏季浓度较高,每年5—8月为污染高峰月,高达139.08μg/m3,秋季次之,其次是冬季、春季;3)潍坊市O3污染“周末效应”显著,星期六和星期日O3浓度达到较高水平,星期四、星期五浓度相对较低;4)在一天中,午后浓度达到高峰,凌晨及夜间O3浓度较低。     

人工鱼礁建设对海洋浮游植物群落变化的影响

本研究关注了浮游植物群落对人工鱼礁建设后短期内的响应,浮游植物群落特征季节变化及其与环境因子之间的相互关系。基于小黑山岛海域 2013—2016 年 12 个航次的现场调查,共鉴定出 75 种浮游植物,硅藻是该海域最主要的浮游植 物类型;研究区域内叶绿素 a 浓度范围为 0.22 ~ 9.46 ug/L,Shannon 多样性指数 （log2） （H''） 范围为 0.76 ~ 3.06,Pielou 均匀度指数 （J''） 范围为 0.28 ~ 0.77。鱼礁建设前后海水环境因子变化较小,且礁区内外差异不显著,鱼礁建设后变化主要有3 点。Pb 和 Hg 浓度有所降低,符合一类海水水质标准的航次及站位增多。于叶绿素 a 浓度、H''和 J''均有所下降,礁区内外叶绿素 a 浓度无明显差别,且礁区的 H''和 J''高于非礁区。盂优势种有一定的变化,但礁区内外无明显差别,具槽直链藻是该海域全年性的优势种。典范对应分析 （CCA） 表明影响站位和各浮游植物在分析图中分布的最主要因素不是人工鱼礁建设而是季节变化。浮游植物群落主要受溶解氧、NO3-N、水温、悬浮物和 As 影响,其中 As 浓度虽然优于国家一类海水水质标准,但仍对浮游植物群落的分布影响显著。     

中国典型山区农业水土资源匹配格局变化——以太行山区、横断山区、黔桂喀斯特山区为例

为了解中国典型山区农业水土资源分布的匹配程度及其格局变化,研究以区域内单位面积耕地拥有的农业水资源量刻画太行山区、横断山区和黔桂喀斯特山区农业水土资源的时空匹配情况。结果表明：① 三大山区耕地分布的集中程度较高。太行山区的耕地主要分布在河北境内的北段地区和山西境内的南段地区,横断山区的耕地主要分布在南段地区,喀斯特山区的耕地分布呈现“南北多中部少”的格局。② 三大山区农业水资源的分布及变化都主要集中在低海拔地区。太行山区的农业水资源主要分布在山西、河南段,横断山区的农业水资源主要分布在四川境内,喀斯特山区的农业水资源较均匀地分布在广西和贵州境内。③ 太行山区农业水土资源匹配程度较差,横断山区、喀斯特山区农业水土资源匹配程度较好。2000—2015年间,太行山区中部、横断山区东部、喀斯特山区南部地区的农业水土匹配程度有变好趋势,而太行山区南部、横断山区西南部、喀斯特山区北部地区的农业水土匹配程度有变差趋势。研究时段内,太行山区的水田转旱地情况突出,太行山区也是三大山区中农业水土资源匹配程度最差的,应该关注太行山区的用水压力,重视农田水利设施维护和农田灌溉水有效利用。     

2000—2018年塔里木河流域植被覆盖时空格局

选取2000—2018年MODIS-NDVI数据,采用Sen+Mann-Kendall趋势分析、变异系数法、Hurst指数、偏相关分析及残差分析等方法,分析塔里木河流域植被覆盖时空格局及气候因子和人类活动对植被变化的影响。结果表明：(1) 塔里木河流域植被覆盖总体呈明显增加趋势,以2008年为转折存在明显阶段变化。(2) 植被分布存在明显地域差异,“北高南低,西高东低”,植被覆盖高区分布于山体多的地带、绿洲及绿洲荒漠交错带。(3) 全区植被覆盖趋势以基本不变居多。山体等植被覆盖高区,植被活动响应显著。全区大部分区域将保持现有的稳定趋势。(4) 气温和降水量对[WTBX]NDVI[WTBZ]的综合影响从东北向西南逐渐增强,且降水量对NDVI的影响更为明显。人类活动对植被变化产生积极影响的区域主要分布于绿洲、绿洲荒漠过渡带以及塔里木河下游附近。     

Microbial spatial variability: An example from the Celtic Sea

In July 2004, dominant populations of microbial ultraplankton (<5 μm), in the surface of the Celtic Sea (between UK and Eire), were repeatedly mapped using flow cytometry, at 1.5 km resolution over a region of diameter 100 km. The numerically dominant representatives of all basic functional types were enumerated including one group of phototrophic bacteria (Syn), two groups of phytoplankton (PP, NP), three groups of heterotrophic bacterioplankton (HB) and the regionally dominant group of heterotrophic protists (HP).The distributions of all organisms showed strong spatial variability with little relation to variability in physical fields such as salinity and temperature. Furthermore, there was little agreement between distributions of different organisms. The only linear correlation consistently explaining more than 50% of the variance between any pairing of the organism groups enumerated is between two different groups of HB. Specifically, no linear, or non-linear, relationship is found between any pairings of SYB, PP or HB groups with their protist predators HP. Looking for multiple dependencies, factor analysis reveals three groupings: Syn, PP and low nucleic acid content HB (LNA); high nucleic acid content HB (HNA); HP and NP. Even the manner in which the spatial variability of Syn, PP and HB abundance varies as a function of lengthscale (represented by a semivariogram) differs significantly from that for HP. In summary, although all microbial planktonic groups enumerated are present and numerically dominant throughout the region studied, at face value the relationships between them seem weak.Nevertheless, the behaviour of a simple, illustrative ecological model, with strongly interacting phototrophs and heterotrophs, with stochastic forcing, is shown to be consistent with the observed poor correlations and differences in how spatial variability varies with lengthscale. Thus, our study suggests that a comparison of microbial abundances alone may not discern strong underlying trophic interactions. Specific knowledge of these processes, in particular grazing, will be required to explain the causes of the observed microbial spatial variability and its resulting consequences for the functioning of the ecosystem.     

Spatial variability of submarine groundwater discharge,Ubatuba, Brazil

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is delivered into the oceans at various hydrogeological settings. Where coastal aquifers have spatial heterogeneous properties such as preferential flowpaths, SGD is also commonly heterogeneously distributed along the coast. SGD from a heterogeneous, fractured rock aquifer on the Ubatuba coast, Brazil has been investigated by depth profiling of ground conductivity. On spatial scales of <10 m, a significant variation in sub-surface conductivity and associated discharge rate is documented. These geophysical observations were used to identify preferential flowpaths, and to explain significant differences in average discharge rates observed in seepage meter records placed only a few metres apart from each other. This paper illustrates the utility of sub-surface conductivity measurements for accurate investigations of SGD fluxes.     

Time series of carbonate system variables off Otaru coast in Hokkaido, Japan

We report several biogeochemical parameters (dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), dissolved oxygen (DO), phosphate (PO₄), nitrate + nitrite (NO₃ + NO₂), silicate (Si(OH)₄)) in a region off Otaru coast in Hokkaido, Japan on a “weekly” basis during the period of April 2002–May 2003. To better understand the long-term temporal variations of the main factors affecting CO₂ flux in this coastal region and its role as a sink/source of atmospheric CO₂, we constructed an algorithm of DIC and TA using other hydrographic properties. We estimated the CO₂ flux across the air–sea interface by using the classical bulk method. During 1998–2003 in our study region, the estimated fCO_2sea ranged about 185–335 μatm. The maximum of fCO_2sea in the summer was primarily due to the change of water temperature. The minimum of fCO_2sea in the early spring can be explained not only by the change of water temperature but also the change of nutrients and chlorophyll-a. To clarify the factors affecting fCO_2sea (water temperature, salinity, and biological activity), we carried out a sensitivity analysis of these effects on the variation of fCO_2sea. In spring, the biological effect had the largest effect for the minimum of fCO_2sea (40%). In summer, the water temperature effect had the largest effect for the maximum of fCO_2sea (25%). In fall, the water temperature effect had the largest effect for the minimum of fCO_2sea (53%). In winter, the biological effect had the largest effect for the minimum of fCO_2sea (35%).We found that our study region was a sink region of CO₂ throughout a year (−0.78 mol/m²/yr). Furthermore, we estimated that the increase of fCO_2sea was about 0.56 μatm/yr under equilibrium with the atmospheric CO₂ content for the period 1998–2003, with the temporal changes in the variables (T, S, PO₄) on fCO_2sea, thus as the maximum trend of each variable on fCO_2sea was 0.22 μatm/yr, and the trend of residual fCO₂ including gas exchange was 0.34 μatm/yr. This result suggests that interaction among variables would affect gas exchange between air and sea effects on fCO_2sea. We conclude that this study region as a representative coastal region of marginal seas of the North Pacific is special because it was measured, but there is no particular significance in comparison to any other area.     

The structure of the benthic macrofaunal assemblages and sediments characteristics of the Paraguaçu estuarine system, NE, Brazil

The structure of the benthic macrofaunal assemblages of the estuarine portion of Paraguaçu River, NE, Brazil, and its relationship with surface sediment characteristics (trace metals, PAHs, nutrients and grain size) and physical variables were investigated at ten stations on two contrasting occasions, summer (dry season) and winter (rainy season). A total of 1258 individuals (632 in winter and 626 in summer) and 62 taxa representing polychaetes, crustaceans, bivalves, echinoderms, bryozoans, sponges, cnidarians and cephalochordates were collected. Benthic assemblages in the upper estuary were unlike those in the lower estuary and a clear substitution of benthic taxa along the estuary was observed. Macrofaunal invertebrates in the low salinity region, composed of coarse sediments, were dominated by tellinids, venerids (bivalves), cirolanids (isopods), cyclopoids (copepods), and nereidids (polychaetes). While the high salinity region, composed of fine sediments, were dominated by nuculids (bivalves), cirratulids (polychaetes), and by amphiurids (ophiuroids). The Paraguaçu estuarine system is not severely affected by anthropogenic activities. In the great majority of the study sites, concentrations of trace metals and PAHs in the sediments were near background values. Nutrients values were also low. We formulated new models of taxon distribution and suggested detailed studies on the effects of salinity variation and studies using functional approaches to better understand the processes causing the spatial patterns in tropical estuarine benthic assemblages.     

Vertical structure of larval fish assemblages during diel cycles in summer and winter in the southern part of Bahía de La Paz, México

The effect of environmental variables on the vertical structure of larval fish assemblages in a tropical coastal lagoon was analyzed. Ichthyoplankton samples were collected from the near-bottom and surface strata near the mouth of a subtropical lagoon during contrasting seasonal conditions of temperature, photoperiod, light intensity, and tidal heights. During summer, larval fish assemblages had high species richness (R) and were dominated by tropical species. During winter, assemblages had lower R values and were dominated by subtropical and temperate species. Vertical distribution patterns of the taxa were determined by the interaction of environmental variables and behavior of each species to maintain their position in a stratum in the water column, or to achieve vertical migrations induced by environmental stimuli that, in this case, were thermal gradient, column water stratification, and intensity of light. Depth position and vertical migration of fish larvae, coupled with the flood and ebb tide conditions, played an important role in their retention and displacement toward the lagoon. Fish larvae with distribution restricted to the inner part of the inlet, such as Achirus mazatlanus, Etropus sp., and several gobies, were more abundant in the near-bottom stratum during the ebb tide, allowing them to avoid exportation, whereas those that could spawn outside, but depended on the inlet as a nursery area, were more abundant near the surface during flood tide, such as Abudefduf troschelii and Stegastes rectifraenum.     

Effects of diel period and tow duration on estuarine fauna sampled with a beam trawl over bare sediment: Consequences for designing more reliable and efficient surveys

The effects of diel period and tow duration (5, 10 and 20 min) on samples of estuarine fauna in a beam trawl, were tested over bare sediment in Tuggerah Lake (New South Wales, Australia). Mean catch rates (numbers of fish caught 5 min⁻¹) were significantly larger at night for the total numbers of individuals and abundant, economically important species of fish and invertebrates (e.g. Gerres subfasciatus, Metapenaeus macleayi, Penaeus plebejus). Greater proportions of larger fish were also caught at night for some species (e.g. G. subfasciatus, Acanthopagrus australis, Rhabdosargus sarba), but not across all tow durations. Multivariate analyses detected dissimilarities in the composition and structure of assemblages between diel periods, which were driven by species caught predominately, or in larger proportions, at night. Short tows (5 min) were more efficient than longer tows (10 or 20 min) for sampling the diversity of species (i.e. most species were caught in the first 5 min of a tow). There were, however, no clear or consistent patterns relating to the effect of tow duration on the catch rates of other variables, the size ranges of abundant species, or the structure and composition of assemblages. Our data confirm that at night, bare sediment is an important habitat for a wide size- and species-range of estuarine fish and invertebrates. In future, more cost-effective and reliable information concerning these taxa would be achieved by sampling with the beam trawl at night, using tow durations of 5 min. We also highlight a problem inherent in the design of many studies of diel variation of fauna (i.e. the potential non-independence of data among day and night periods) and discuss its solution.