Observations of geomagnetic pulsations and variations with a new borehole magnetometer down to depths of 3000 m

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A triaxial magnetometer has been developed for investigating the in situ skin effect of horizontal geomagnetic pulsations and variations in deep boreholes. The observations were carried out in the pilot borehole of the Continental Deep Drilling Program of Germany (KTB) down to depths of 3000 m and up to temperature of 90 C. A weak skin effect, due to the known very low conductivity of the penetrated crystalline rocks, of 90 to 95 per cent in amplitude and -5 to -10 rotation in phase has been observed at periods of 10 s and magnetometer depth of 2400 m.
An essential prerequisite for all calculations is the accurate determination of the orientation of the downhole magnetometer. It is demonstrated how oriented record samples of temporal variations at depth correlate precisely with those from the surface.
Results from surface magnetotelluric (MT) investigations show strong local distortions of the telluric field. The distortion of the MT tensor response has been determined by means of newly introduced skin-effect transfer functions, which are assumed to be undistorted.     

中国东部第四纪自然环境演化及庐山“冰碛层”堆积时期的自然环境研究

根据第四纪地层内孢粉组合和动物群等新资料恢复了我国东部各大区域第四纪各个时期的自然环境特征,其温暖期与干冷期的交替与深海沉积O~(18)温度变化趋势大致对应。庐山三次“冰期冰碛层”内孢粉组合表明均为温暖湿润针阔叶混交林景观,而不是寒冷的冰川环境。     

Seasonal and spatial variation in abundance and egg production of Paracalanus parvus (Copepoda: Calanoida) in/out Jiaozhou Bay, China

The spatial distribution of stage-specific abundance and reproduction of the copepod Paracalanus parvus were studied from October 2005 to September 2006 in the Jiaozhou Bay. This copepod occurred continuously in this bay throughout the year. The species reached the lowest abundance in April and peaked in June. From October to December, distribution center mainly occurred in offshore water and at the mouth of the bay. In winter, early copepodites and adults gradually decreased and till February, most of the population was only comprised of CIV–CV stages. Overwintering copepodites matured in March and males tended to mature before female. From May to September, each stage occurred in the population and gradually reached high abundance. Temperature and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentration in the three stations can't clearly explain the seasonal variation in stage-specific abundance, so we surmised the important effect of the Yellow Sea. Egg production rate (EPR) reached its lowest in winter and peaked in June at 60.8 eggs female⁻¹ day⁻¹ in nearshore water. In the warming period, EPR in nearshore water was statistically higher and EPR > 10 eggs female⁻¹ day⁻¹ lasted longer than that in offshore water, showing the importance of nearshore water for recruitment of P. parvus. Our study showed that EPR was positively related to temperature and total chlorophyll a in offshore water and mouth of the bay. In nearshore water, the relationships between EPR and temperature and Chl-a in three size fractions were not the same as those in offshore water, suggesting complicated ecosystem in such a eutrophic area in warming period.     

川滇及邻区Pn波速度结构和各向异性研究

川滇地区是中国大陆构造变形及地震活动最强烈的区域之一.本文利用从国际地震中心(ISC)、中国地震台网以及云南、四川、重庆三个省级地震台网的地震观测报告中严格挑选出的53673个Pn波到时数据,用Pn波层析成像方法反演了川滇地区的Pn波速度结构和各向异性.结果表明该地区上地幔顶部速度结构的横向变化与现代构造运动有明显的关联:盆地地区上地幔顶部速度明显高于其周边区域,四川盆地尤为突出,其上地幔顶部P波速度是整个研究区域的高值;上地幔顶部P波速度低值区与研究区现代火山活动区域(如腾冲)及高热泉活动区域(如康定)有明显的相关性.强震大都发生在Pn波速低值区或Pn波速低值边界区.Pn波速度低速带与狭义的南北地震带相吻合,反映出上地幔顶部的流变性对构造应力的传递起着重要作用.Pn波各向异性表明:位于川青块体与四川盆地交界的龙门山地区,快波方向与该区域绝对运动方向不一致,而是基本沿龙门山断裂走向,这表明该地区的各向异性主要受龙门山断裂对Moho面切割变形的影响.而在其他区域的Pn波各向异性方向大体与当地块体的绝对运动方向一致,说明其各向异性主要是由板块运动产生的软流圈变形引起.     

基于MODIS的祁连山区积雪时空变化特征

利用2000-2003年日资料经8 d合成的500 m分辨率MODIS卫星反演积雪资料和数字高程模型, 借助于GIS空间分析技术, 以积雪频率和积雪盖度为监测指标, 研究分析了祁连山区整体的积雪空间分布状况及其年内变化特征, 地形对积雪的分布和季节变化的影响. 结果表明: 祁连山区的积雪分布极不均匀, 积雪主要沿山系走向成条带状分布, 呈现西段多, 东段次之, 中部和南部少, 山脊多, 山谷少的特征, 且海拔越高、 山势越陡、阴坡积雪的范围越大、持续时间越久. 累积降雪时间, 就全区而言为9月至翌年5月, 但不同高度、坡度和坡向带有所差别. 海拔4 000 m以上区域存在春、秋季两个时段的积雪补给, 而海拔4 000 m以下仅有中秋至中冬一个时段的积雪补给;坡度较平缓的区域冬季和春季为主要积雪补给期, 而坡度较陡的区域则为秋季和春季;平地和南坡积雪补给主要发生在冬季和春季, 而其它坡向为春季和秋季.     

Tidal effect on dynamics of pore water nitrate in intertidal sediment of a eutrophic Estuary

To evaluate the effect of the tidal cycle on the pore water nitrate dynamics in intertidal sediment, concentrations of inorganic nitrogen in water and sediment were monitored during tidal cycles in the mud flat of Tama Estuary, Japan. During submergence, nitrate concentration was highest in the overlying water and decreased monotonically with increasing depth in the sediment, suggesting that the primary source of nitrate in the sediment was nitrate transported from the overlying water. Pore water nitrate decreased remarkably during the initial 3–4 hours after the onset of exposure. Thereafter, it was constant or slightly increased until tidal flooding.In situ accumulation of nitrate at the end of exposure, however, did not exceed the nitrate concentrations in the overlying water. The inhibition of nitrate reduction and the stimulation of nitrification would explain the change of nitrate concentration, both consistent with the input of oxygen into the sediment following a 10 mm drop of the water table. In Tama Estuary sediments, the effect of the tidal cycle on the removal of combined nitrogen is rather negative, because high nitrate concentrations in the overlying water canceled the positive effect of nitrate accumulation by nitrification during exposure, while tidal oxygen intrusion have an inhibitory effection sedimentary denitrification.     

山东荣成天鹅湖大叶藻形态和生长的季节性变化研究

2012年8月至2013年7月,作者逐月对天鹅湖大叶藻(Zostera marina L.)的形态特征、植株密度、生物量和生产力进行了监测。结果表明,大叶藻周年株高最高值和最低值分别出现在7月和1月;叶鞘高度、叶鞘宽度和叶宽的最高值均出现在7月,叶鞘高度最低值出现在1月,叶鞘宽度和叶宽最低值均出现在2月;大叶藻顶枝、侧枝和花枝的周年密度最大值分别出现在6月、4月和5月,最小值分别出现在1月、8月和7月;单株生物量和地上部分生物量最大值均出现在7月,地下部分出现在10月,而单株生物量和地上部分生物量最小值均出现在1月,地下部分生物量最小值出现在3月;单株地上和地下生产力最大值均出现在6月,最小值则分别出现在1月和2月。分析显示,大叶藻在冬季由于水温较低导致生长缓慢,且植株较小,在春季随水温上升,生长开始加快。水温在夏初达到大叶藻的最适生长水温,大叶藻的生物量和初级生产力达到最高值,而夏末和初秋由于水温过高导致大叶藻个体生物量、密度和初级生产力开始降低。这种季节性变化与水温的季节性变化密切相关。     

山东荣成天鹅湖海草场大型底栖贝类时空分布研究

为了了解天鹅湖不同微生境条件下底栖贝类的群落结构及时空分布特征,于2013年12月至2014年11月,对天鹅湖矮大叶藻区、空白区、大叶藻区边缘及其内部的底栖贝类和环境特征进行了调查。共发现15种大型底栖贝类,隶属14科15属;贝类种类组成、分布密度、生物量以及物种多样性指数在4种生境中差异显著,但均无明显的季节变化。空白区域中贝类总密度和单位面积生物量最高,大叶藻区内部最低,但矮大叶藻区和大叶藻区内部多样性指数较高。大叶藻区内部的贝类以腹足类锈凹螺、日本月华螺、刺绣翼螺等刮食者为主,而双壳贝类则更倾向于选择无海草覆盖的空白区或者海草较为稀疏的草场边缘。综合分析表明,天鹅湖底栖贝类的分布和多样性受底质特征和海草覆盖影响最为显著,同时与水深密切相关。     

POM模式在日本南部黑潮路径变异研究中的应用

日本南部黑潮路径变异对北太平洋地区的气候和环境具有显著的影响,对黑潮路径变异的研究具有重要的意义。本文利用POM(Princeton Ocean Model)数值模式模拟了日本南部黑潮的路径变异情况,分析了黑潮大弯曲路径形成的可能机制。研究结果表明,当黑潮处于非大弯曲路径时,相对位势涡度的平均值呈现递减趋势,说明日本南部低位势涡度水在不断积累,这样会使得四国再循环流的强度增强,迫使黑潮保持平直路径,同时,近岸黑潮垂直流速剪切增大,斜压不稳定性的作用也逐渐增大;当黑潮从非大弯曲路径向大弯曲路径过渡时,再循环流强度的减弱会导致黑潮的流速剪切减小。根据海表高度异常场以及海洋上层流场信息发现,近岸黑潮附近的气旋涡会随着再循环流区域反气旋涡的东侧向南运动,最终导致黑潮大弯曲的发生。分析涡流的能量,结果显示,黑潮大弯曲路径的形成与斜压不稳定性密切相关。