河型转化机理及其数值模拟——Ⅱ.模型应用

采用平面二维河流数学模型,系统研究概化河道的河型转化过程及其控制因素,成功模拟得到了初始比降、流量、入口含沙量增大和河岸抗冲性减弱时,河流从弯道向分汊、游荡河型转化的过程。根据模拟得到的河道平面形态、横断面形态、河床纵剖面,沿程水面线及沿程输沙率的变化,分析了河床初始比降、入口含沙量、流量和河岸抗冲性等各种因素对河型转化的影响。结果表明,模型计算得到的河型转化过程,与经典的河型成因及河型转化理论给出的趋势较为一致。     

长江三角洲对流域输沙变化的响应:进展与问题

流域变化对河流三角洲的影响已成为全球性的问题。由于流域水库建设的影响,长江输沙率自1980年以来呈现明显下降趋势,引发了研究人员对长江三角洲地貌和沉积响应问题的关注。在地貌上,海图对比和海岸冲淤观测的证据显示,长江输沙率目前已经低于冲淤平衡的临界值,使三角洲进入了蚀退阶段。分析表明,根据水下三角洲部分范围的沉积速率与河流输沙率的关系进行计算,会过低估计临界输沙率。对于水下三角洲整体而言,应根据沉积物滞留指数来更准确地估算临界输沙率,而且需要区分2个"临界输沙率",一个是保持三角洲体积的临界值,另一个是保持三角洲陆上部分面积的临界值。在沉积响应上,来自长江水下三角洲沉积中心的柱状样显示出沉积速率自下而上减小的趋势,反映了流域输沙率变化的影响。今后,如将柱状样采集区域扩大到沉积中心之外的整个水下三角洲范围,则所获得的数据不仅有助于沉积速率响应特征的全面了解,而且还可应用于沉积物滞留指数特征和控制因素的分析以及河口区碳循环过程变化的研究。此外,在长江三角洲沉积记录的分析方面,为了更好地提取气候、环境演化信息,应充分考虑沉积记录形成后所经历的自身变化(如成岩作用变化、分解和衰变等)和相对于岸线迁移的空间位置变化。     

黑河日径流量混沌变化特性的研究—Ⅱ相空间嵌入维数的确定

通过对黑河日径流量变化规律的探索,重点论述相空间嵌入维数的确定方法。计算结果表明：黑河日径流量时间序列的关联维数为2.1,是低维分数;另外,采用饱和关联积分法,得到黑河日径流量序列的嵌入维数为9。     

Erosional scours and meander development in response to river engineering: middle Tisza region, Hungary

We present a case study on how riverbed morphology of the engineered and meandering Tisza River of the Pannonian Basin (Hungary) has changed during post-engineering times. The objectives were (1) mapping the location and morphology of scours and point bars, (2) reconstructing their changes in a 150 year time-scale in response to engineering work, (3) describing the differences of quasi-natural and engineered channels and (4) distinguishing of local and general causes, both natural and anthropogenic.Recent erosion and deposition have been traced on continuous ultrahigh resolution (UHR) seismic profiles. These results were matched up to channel cross-sections and to time-series planimetric and bathymetric maps. The topography of the riverbed is determined primarily by two factors: the plan view geometry of the channel and the lithology of the substratum. As well as naturally developing scours in the river bends, shallower and elongated, slightly refilled ones appear on straight reaches or in engineered channels. Elongated bed scours and extraordinary forms are related to local human effects. However, erosion is observed everywhere in the investigated 102 km long Middle-Tisza region. As a result of cut-offs the gradient increased and, as a consequence, the riverbed became incised.Sedimentation is reflected in accelerated point bar development, which resulted in intensive lateral migration and increasing sinuosity, which is enhanced in the vicinity of human interventions. Changes do not propagate far away. Channel adjustments happened in two phases: rapid incision was followed by a slower sinuosity increase in order to obtain a new dynamic equilibrium.     

滇西富碱斑岩型金成矿系统特征与变化保存

同时开展成矿作用及成矿后变化保存两方面研究,是提高矿产预测能力的迫切需求。滇西新生代富碱斑岩型金多金属矿床除与喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩有密切的时空和成因关系外,另一个显著特点是发生了强烈的次生富集作用,是开展成矿系统变化与保存研究的天然实验室。含矿斑岩为一套以富碱(K2O+Na2O8%)为特征的从基性到中酸性的岩石系列,其源区为古特提斯构造演化过程中形成的富集地幔,并于新生代早期上升至壳幔混合带时遭受部分熔融。含矿斑岩主体形成于33～38Ma,大规模成矿作用集中于34±2Ma左右,它们的形成与构造动力体制转换过程中的壳幔物质强烈交换和构造变形密切相关,并可能受青藏高原物质向东逃逸和软流圈脉动隆起的联合制约。之后,发生了印度板块由前期逆时针旋转向顺时针旋转的转变、反向旋转板块的拖曳与斜向俯冲板块回退作用的综合效应,导致了滇西地区岩石圈伸展作用和多期左行和右行断裂走滑运动及强烈构造隆升的发生,诱发了亏损地幔减压熔融产生的板内高钾岩浆岩的就位、大规模热水流体活动,并叠加区域红土化作用,成矿系统遭受了强烈的变化与改造,金的表生成矿作用在矿床形成后即已开始,之后经历了多阶段的演化,有明显的穿时性。主要表现为矿床抬升或掩埋、矿体错切或错失、矿化叠加或次生富集、远距离迁移以及就近淋滤或贫化等。     

Climatic changes since the last deglaciation inferred from a lacustrine sedimentary sequence in the eastern Nanling Mountains,south China

Two sediment cores recovered from Dahu Swamp, which is located in eastern Nanling Mountains in south China, were selected for investigation of palaeoclimatic changes. Multi‐proxy records of the two cores including lithological variation, organic carbon isotope ratio, dry bulk density, organic matter content, magnetic susceptibility, humification degree, median grain size and geochemical proxies reveal that during the last deglaciation three drier phases correspond to the Oldest, Older and Younger Dryas cooling events, and the intercalated two wetter phases synchronise with the Bølling and Allerød warming events. The Holocene Optimum, which was resulted from a strengthening of the East Asian (EA) summer monsoon, occurred in the early and mid Holocene (ca. 10–6 cal. ka BP). In the mid and late Holocene (ca. 6–3 cal. ka BP), a prevailing dry climate suggested a weakening of the EA summer monsoon. The general trend of Holocene climatic changes in this study agrees with the 25° N summer solar insolation, suggesting that orbitally induced insolation may have played an important role in the Holocene climate in the study region. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于遥感与GIS的北京城乡结合部土地利用时空变化分析

随着城镇化进程的加快,我国土地利用结构发生了显著的变化。及时、精确地掌握土地资源的数量、质量、分布特征及其变化趋势,对土地资源的持续发展与规划有着至关重要的作用。在遥感和GIS技术支持下,选择北京市顺义区作为研究对象,采用分类后比较方法,对1999~2011年间土地利用类型的动态变化进行定量分析以及空间分布制图。结果表明:该区域耕地、林地和水域的面积分别减少了15.77%、27.85%和75.82%,居民工矿用地增加了18.49%;耕地资源数量减少,非农业用地大量增加,综合土地利用动态度达到2.37%,城乡结合部的范围在12年间从西向东进行了大范围地移动。     

基于3S的榆林市土地利用/覆盖变化生态效应定量研究

基于遥感数据, 运用3S 技术及多种生态经济学方法测算不同土地利用/覆盖情景下的生 态服务价值, 并分析其影响因素, 构造土地利用变化生态效应指数和土地利用变化生态效应度等 指标定量测评区域土地利用/覆盖变化的生态效应。研究结果表明: (1)榆林市1987、1999 和2002 年生态系统服务总价值分别为237.58 亿元、173.43 亿元和283.69 亿元, 并存在区域差异。整个研 究期间(1987～2002 年), 南、北六县耕地生态服务价值比重不断缩减, 林地、草地生态服务价值比 重不断增加, 但北六县以林地增加为最, 南六县以草地增加为最, 且在1999 年后增速加剧。(2)除 土地利用变化外, 气候波动对榆林市生态服务价值变化的影响更不容忽视。(3)除榆阳、神木、米脂 外, 其余空间尺度的各区域在后一阶段( 1999～2002 年) 的土地利用变化的生态效应高于前一阶 段(1987～1999 年); 在前一阶段, 北六县土地类型间流转导致生态价值变化较南六县强烈; 而后一 阶段正好与之相反。     

华北不同地区全新世环境演变对古文化发展的影响

辽西牛河梁、内蒙古中南部庙子沟和甘肃秦安大地湾是中国北方的3个重要新石器文化遗址.本文利用孢粉、黏土矿物等古气候指标对3个遗址所在地区的全新世气候变化进行了研究,并结合这些地区的地理位置和地质地形条件等特征,分析和探讨了这些地区的自然条件和全新世环境演变及其与古文化发展的关系,阐明了不同地点的环境及其演变的共性和差异以及对古文化发展的影响.     

Sedimentology and palaeogeomorphology of four large valley systems incising delta plains, western Canada Foreland Basin: implications for mid-Cretaceous sea-level changes

The mid-Cenomanian Dunvegan Formation represents a delta complex deposited on a foreland basin ramp over about 2 my. The Dunvegan is divided into 10 transgressive–regressive allomembers, labelled J–A in ascending order, each defined by regional marine transgressive surfaces. Parasequences within allomembers show an aggradational to offlapping stacking pattern that reflects alternate generation and removal of accommodation. The upper surfaces of allomembers H–E are incised by extensive valley systems traceable for up to 320 km and over about 50 000 km². Valley depths range up to 41 m and can change significantly over short distances. However, the average depth of incision (mean 21 m) shows no systematic variation in longitudinal profiles and no evidence of headward shallowing. Valleys are typically 1–2 km wide, but locally widen to about 8 km. Widening is sometimes associated with confluence zones, but elsewhere it is not. Updip reaches of valleys are dominated by cross-bedded fluvial sandstone forming multistorey point-bar deposits. Sandstones contain widespread but uncommon paired carbonaceous drapes recognizable as tidal bundles. Inclined heterolithic stratification is locally well developed at the top of the valley fill. Downdip reaches of valleys, typically within 50 km of the lowstand shoreline, have a sandstone-dominated lower part and, locally, a mud-rich upper portion consisting of a variety of laminated heterolithic facies with a clear tidal signature. These heterolithic deposits may represent central basin, tidal flat, bayhead delta and point-bar environments. Valley filling took place mainly during the transgressive systems tract (TST) when tidally influenced environments migrated upvalley. Semi-diurnal tidal backwater effects extended at least 30 km landward of the regional maximum transgressive marine shoreline. The aggradational late TST and highstand systems tract (HST) includes deltaic and coastal plain deposits comprising lake and anastomosed river deposits that suggest a very low gradient (≈ 1:3000). Delta parasequences of the falling stage systems tract (FSST) offlap seaward and have no equivalent coastal plain deposits. The FSST has an average width of 60 km and an inferred gradient of 1:2500. The upper surfaces of the HST and FSST are extensively incised by valleys. The lowstand systems tract (LST) is subtly aggradational, lacks valleys and is characterized by large delta lobes fed by major distributaries. The width and inferred slope of the FSST, coupled with the thickness of aggradational TST and HST deposits on the coastal plain, suggest a vertical accommodation of about 35 m per transgressive event. About 11 m of this is attributed to isostatic subsidence resulting from water and sediment loads; the residual 24 m is attributed to eustatic rise. This sea-level change is of the same order of magnitude as the valley depths. The length of valleys, however, does not seem to be explicable solely in terms of downstream forcing by sea-level change, and an additional, upstream-forcing mechanism, possibly related to precipitation cycles in the Milankovitch band, might be inferred.