河北唐山丰南4.5级地震前重力变化

利用首都圈地区2017~2019年流动重力观测资料,分析2019-12-05河北唐山丰南4.5级地震前不同时间尺度的重力场变化。结果表明：1）0.5 a尺度重力场变化图像可较好地反映此次地震“震前1 a重力场持续出现上升（正）变化-震前局部反向（负）变化-在重力变化梯度带零等值线附近发震”的演化过程;2）震前0.5 a、1 a和2 a尺度重力场均显示,地震发生在重力变化零等值线附近;3）地震前观测到的重力变化可能由深部热物质上涌引起。     

地下水漏斗对昌邑-新河相对重力观测的影响

通过分析昌邑-新河测段1991~2019年LCR-G型与CG-5型相对重力仪的相对重力观测数据和测点附近水文资料发现：1)2009~2018年相对重力观测值持续增大的主要原因为昌邑市地下水位下降,水位降低的最大影响可达132 μGal;2)2014-05~2016-03相对重力累计下降72 μGal,并在2016-03~2018-05快速回升,这一现象是否与动力学原因有关尚不明确。     

基于遥感与GIS的北京城乡结合部土地利用时空变化分析

随着城镇化进程的加快,我国土地利用结构发生了显著的变化。及时、精确地掌握土地资源的数量、质量、分布特征及其变化趋势,对土地资源的持续发展与规划有着至关重要的作用。在遥感和GIS技术支持下,选择北京市顺义区作为研究对象,采用分类后比较方法,对1999~2011年间土地利用类型的动态变化进行定量分析以及空间分布制图。结果表明:该区域耕地、林地和水域的面积分别减少了15.77%、27.85%和75.82%,居民工矿用地增加了18.49%;耕地资源数量减少,非农业用地大量增加,综合土地利用动态度达到2.37%,城乡结合部的范围在12年间从西向东进行了大范围地移动。     

Cycling of calcite and hydrous metal oxides and chemical changes of major element and REE chemistry in monomictic hardwater lake: Impact on sedimentation

The variation of major and rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) in the monomictic hardwater Lake Tiberias during the wet and dry seasons of the hydrological year was studied in two profiles. The average volume and Cl concentration of the known and unknown saline inflows of 1.6 × 10⁷ m³ and 1.2 × 10⁹ mol are derived by closing both balances. This brine corresponds to a mixture of 83% of groundwater from Cretaceous aquifers and 17% of very saline deep brine. Taking cycling of calcite in the hypolimnion into account, the settling rate of authigenic calcite is estimated to be 3.3 mol m⁻² a⁻¹.In the stratified lake of the dry season dissolved inorganic carbon increases by 490 μM at the thermo-/chemocline due to microbial reduction of SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, chemical reduction of Fe(III) and MnO₂ colloids, and cycling of calcite in the hypolimnion. REY distribution in the stratified water column is dominantly controlled by coprecipitation with calcite, hydrous ferric oxides and MnO₂ in the epilimnion and cycling of these compounds in the hypolimnion. The positive Ce anomaly in the hypolimnetic water is produced by cycling of MnO₂. The simulation of the increase of REY in the hypolimnion reveals that hydrous ferric and manganese oxides only play a negligible role except Ce. Only about 10% of REY from cycled matter enhance REY in solution. Most of the released REY are adsorbed by particular matter and thus settling on the floor of the lake.Different from Na, U, SO₄²⁻ and SiO₂, the other elements, in particular REY, increase in the mixed water column from the top to the lower third and mostly decrease thereafter toward the bottom in the mixed lake during the wet season. The behavior of REY is caused by some cycling of calcite and pH-dependent re-equilibration of REY bound to hydrous ferric and manganese oxides adsorbed by particular matter.     

喀什市城市植被及其覆盖度研究

针对国内外对城市植被及其覆盖度方面的研究不够深入的现状,该文以喀什市1990年、2000年及2010年3期Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像为数据源,结合归一化植被指数(NDVI)与植被覆盖度估算方法,对喀什市植被覆盖区土地类型、面积变化等方面进行研究。结果表明:1990年至2010年,高覆盖区所占比例由1990年到2000年逐步增加,2010年稍有减少;中高覆盖区面积出现先减小后增加的变化趋势;中覆盖区面积逐年增加;低覆盖区呈先减小后增加的趋势;极低覆盖区变化最慢,2010年比1990年稍有增加。     

A comprehensive assessment framework for attributing trends in streamflow and groundwater storage to climatic and anthropogenic changes: A case study in the typical semi-arid catchments of southern India

The clearest signs of hydrologic change can be observed from the trends in streamflow and groundwater levels in a catchment. During 1980–2007, significant declines in streamflow (−3.03 mm/year) and groundwater levels (−0.22 m/year) were observed in Himayat Sagar (HS) catchment, India. We examined the degree to which hydrologic changes observed in the HS catchment can be attributed to various internal and external drivers of change (climatic and anthropogenic changes). This study used an investigative approach to attribute hydrologic changes. First, it involves to develop a model and test its ability to predict hydrologic trends in a catchment that has undergone significant changes. Second, it examines the relative importance of different causes of change on the hydrologic response. The analysis was carried out using Modified Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a semi-distributed rainfall-runoff model coupled with a lumped groundwater model for each sub- catchment. The model results indicated that the decline in potential evapotranspiration (PET) appears to be partially offset by a significant response to changes in rainfall. Measures that enhance recharge, such as watershed hydrological structures, have had limited success in terms of reducing impacts on the catchment-scale water balance. Groundwater storage has declined at a rate of 5 mm/y due to impact of land use changes and this was replaced by a net addition of 2 mm/y by hydrological structures. The impact of land use change on streamflow is an order of magnitude larger than the impact of hydrological structures and about is 2.5 times higher in terms of groundwater impact. Model results indicate that both exogenous and endogenous changes can have large impacts on catchment hydrology and should be considered together. The proposed comprehensive framework and approach demonstrated here is valuable in attributing trends in streamflow and groundwater levels to catchment climatic and anthropogenic changes.     

Climate change in a changing world: Socio-economic and technological transitions,regulatory frameworks and trends on global greenhouse gas emissions from EDGAR v.5.0

Over the last three decades, socio-economic, demographic and technological transitions have been witnessed throughout the world, modifying both sectorial and geographical distributions of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Understanding these trends is central to the design of current and future climate change mitigation policies, requiring up-to-date methodologically robust emission inventories such as the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), the European Commission’s in-house, independent global emission inventory. EDGAR is a key tool to track the evolution of GHG emissions and contributes to quantifying the global carbon budget, providing independent and systematically calculated emissions for all countries.According to the results of the EDGAR v.5.0 release, total anthropogenic global greenhouse gas emissions (excluding land use, land use change and forestry) were estimated at 49.1 Gt CO_2eq in 2015, 50 % higher than in 1990, despite a monotonic decrease in GHG emissions per unit of economic output. Between 1990 and 2015, emissions from developed countries fell by 9%, while emissions from low to medium income countries increased by 130%, predominantly from 2000 onwards. The 27 Member States of the European Union and the United Kingdom led the pathway for emission reductions in industrialised economies whilst, in developing countries, the rise in emissions was driven by higher emissions in China, India, Brazil and nations in the South-East Asian region. This diversity of patterns shows how different patterns for GHG emissions are and the need for identifying regionally tailored emission reduction measures.     

Precipitation and hydrological variations and related associations with large‐scale circulation in the Poyang Lake basin,China

Long streamflow series and precipitation data are analysed in this study with aim to investigate changing properties of precipitation and associated impacts on hydrological processes of the Poyang Lake basin. Underlying causes behind the precipitation variations are also explored based on the analysis of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis data. Besides, water intrusion from the Yangtze River to the Poyang Lake basin is studied. The results indicate that (1) seasonal transitions of precipitation are observed, showing increasing precipitation in winter, slight increase and even decrease of precipitation in summer; (2) analysis of water vapour circulation indicates decreasing/increasing water vapour flux in summer/winter; in winter, water vapour flux tends to be from the Pacific. Altered water vapour flux is the major cause behind the altered precipitation changes across the Poyang Lake basin and (3) occurrence of water intrusion from the Yangtze River to the Poyang Lake basin is heavily influenced by hydrological processes of the Poyang Lake basin. Effects of the hydrological processes from the middle Yangtze River on the occurrence of water intrusion events are not significant. The results of this study indicate that floods and droughts should share the same concerns from the scholars and policy makers. Besides, the altered hydrological circulation and associated seasonal transition of precipitation drive us to face new challenges in terms of conservations of wetlands and ecological environment under the changing climate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河流阶地的形成及其对构造与气候的意义

河流系统演化是一个堆积与切割相互作用的过程。通过对河流阶地成因的研究,指出气候成因阶地的堆积主要发生在冰期,其他时期虽有堆积,但保存下来的较少;切割作用发生在冰期一间冰期的过渡期。构造成因阶地切割作用发生的时段就是构造运动的时期,也是古河床开始废弃的时期,提出了判定不同成因河流阶地的地质学特征。气候成因阶地每一级都说明有一个或多个冰期一间冰期的旋回,构造成因阶地的每一级都表示有一期较强烈的构造事件,有些阶地是构造与气候共同作用的结果。