人类从哪里来？——（4）人类演化与古地理、古环境和古气候变化

详细介绍了8 Ma以来全球气候变化的规律,研究表明地球上主要发生过3次冷气候事件：第一次冷气候事件大约发生在距今7 Ma,一股强烈的干冷气流刮过欧洲大陆,穿越赤道地区直达非洲大陆,使得原始森林开始萎缩,面积的缩小导致古猿与人类发生演化分异;第二次冷气候事件大约发生在距今4.2 Ma,那时干冷气候持续发展,非洲大陆的原始森林进一步萎缩,并逐渐演化为稀树草原,出现了南方猿人和傍人;第三次冷气候事件大约发生在距今2.3 Ma,全球气候变化波动较大,冷-暖气候交替发育,地球上出现了真正意义上的人（人属）,并逐渐演化成现代人。根据目前的研究,人类的起源和演化与古地理、古环境和古气候变化密切相关,人类演化历史大致可分为7个时期：撒海尔猿人—原初猿人时期、地居猿人时期、南方猿人—傍人时期、能人—鲁道夫人时期、匠人—直立人时期、先驱人—海德堡人时期和智人时期。     

海岸线变化的地质指标体系

海岸带地质环境的演化集中表现是海岸线的变迁。基于对海岸线变迁的影响、演化方式、危害、防治对策等因素的分析,建立影响-状态-结果（CSR）的海岸线变迁的调查指标体系。在调查指标体系的基础上,抽取压力、状态、应对（PSR）指标, 建立中国海岸线变迁的监测指标体系。这对科学评价、监测和管理海岸带的环境具有重要意义。     

陕西澄合矿区中深部4号煤层厚度变化原因

陕西渭北石炭-二叠纪煤田澄合矿区4号煤层是区内主要可采煤层之一。通过对区内煤层厚度与其上覆煤系厚度、煤中灰分、硫分及煤层顶板岩性-岩相等因素的相关性分析,结合4号煤层成煤期与聚煤期后环境分析,探讨了研究区及其周缘地区4号煤层厚度变化原因。结果显示:4号煤层厚度与上覆煤系厚度、煤中灰分及硫分均呈正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.810 1、0.430 9、0.813 6;该煤层发育于浅水型三角洲沉积体系的三角洲平原地带;煤层厚度变化受控于聚煤期同沉积构造和聚煤期后河流冲蚀作用的双重影响,前者使煤层厚度变化较小,后者对煤层厚度影响较大,甚至出现无煤带。     

黄土高原西部会宁地区66万年以来冰期—黄土旋回的孢粉记录

根据野外剖面观测及古地磁资料,将会宁黄土地层与兰州、洛川黄土地层进行对比。在孢粉分析的基础上,把该区约66万年以来的植被与气候演变历史划分为13个阶段,并将其与深海沉积氧同位素阶段及冰期旋回进行了对比。约66万年以来,该地植被变化于温性针阔叶混交林与荒漠草原之间,气候变化于温暖半湿润-寒冷干旱之间。     

Palynofacies and sea-level changes in the Upper Cretaceous of the Vocontian Basin, southeast France

Upper Cretaceous platform carbonates of the Vocontian Basin (southeastern France) have been investigated in a cross-section from the proximal deposits exposed in the lower Rhône Valley to the distal part of the basin in the Southern Subalpine Ranges north of Nice. The stratigraphic interval studied in detail spans the uppermost Turonian and Coniacian.Palynofacies patterns were used to detect eustatic signals at a third-order scale and are the tool for correlation of proximal and distal platform deposits. The organic constituents observed in the studied samples have been grouped into a continental fraction, including higher plant debris (phytoclasts) and sporomorphs, and a marine fraction with dinoflagellate cysts, acritarchs, prasinophytes, and foraminiferal test linings. The main factors influencing the stratigraphic and spatial distribution of land-derived, allochthonous, and marine, relatively autochthonous, organic particles are the proximity of land, the organic productivity, the degree of biodegradation and the hydrodynamic conditions of the depositional system. Palynofacies parameters used for the sequence stratigraphic interpretation are: (1) the ratio of continental to marine constituents (CONT/MAR ratio); (2) the ratio of opaque to translucent phytoclasts (OP/TR ratio); (3) the phytoclast particle size and shape; and (4) the relative proportion and species diversity of marine plankton. Ternary diagrams illustrating significant proximality changes were used to decipher transgressive-regressive trends within the succession.High amounts of translucent phytoclasts and decreasing values of the CONT/MAR ratio occur during the phase of relative sea-level rise in the upper Turonian. The stratigraphic interval of maximum flooding around the Turonian/Coniacian boundary is marked by the highest abundance and species diversity of dinoflagellate cysts, and by high percentages of opaque, equidimensional particles within the phytoclast group. The OP/TR ratio is still high within the lower Coniacian representing the early highstand deposits, whereas the relative abundance of marine constituents is again decreasing. Sedimentary organic matter of the upper Coniacian is dominated by large, blade-shaped, mainly opaque phytoclasts, which are a characteristic palynofacies signature of late highstand deposits.The present study demonstrates the high potential of palynofacies analysis in high-resolution stratigraphy and correlation of sedimentary series of shallow epeiric seas.     

Benthic foraminifers in upper Quaternary sediments of the southern Bering Sea: Distribution and paleoceanographic interpretations

Composition and distribution of benthic foraminifers, being coupled with isotopic-geochemical data on Upper Pleistocene and Holocene sediments from the southern Bering Sea (Core GC-11; 53°31′ N, 178°51′E, water depth 3060 m), demonstrate variations in bottom water properties during the last 54 kyr. Their abundance increased to some extent during short periods corresponding to warm Dansgaard-Oeshger interstadials 14, 12, 8, and 2 of marine isotopic stages (MIS) 3 and 2. The first and second deglaciation phases separated by the Younger Dryas cooling episode are marked by significant abundance peaks of benthic foraminifers (an order magnitude higher than in the glacial period), although their share in community of benthic and planktonic foraminifers taken together decreases. Species typical of stable high-productivity areas gain the dominant position. A significant proportion of agglutinated species in the Holocene sediments is indicative of Ca ions deficiency that accelerates dissolution of carbonate tests up to their disappearance approximately 2.5–3 ka ago.     

CPI values of terrestrial higher plant-derived long-chain n-alkanes: a potential paleoclimatic proxy

Carbon Preference Index (CPI values) of higher plant-derived long-chain n-alkanes extracted from 62 surface soil samples in eastern China exhibited a specific pattern of variations, namely gradual increase with the increasing latitudes. Such regular variations existed in both forest soil and grassland soil. Our data implied that CPI values of higher plant-derived long-chain n-alkanes had a certain connection with climatic conditions, and such a connection was not influenced by vegetation types. Together with previous data from marine sediments, loess/paleosol sequences, tertiary red clay and modern plants, our observation made us conclude that CPI values of higher plant-derived long-chain n-alkanes may be used as an excellent proxy for paleoclimatic studies.     

福建龙永煤田二叠纪(竹蜓)生物带的面貌特征与对比

研究地层是有效寻找沉积矿产的重要基础,将龙永煤田内关于的层位及分带性与大区域上的相似层位作了对比,并论述了本煤田的特征与变迁的基本过程。最后,结合多年来的研究成果,就煤田内的产出情况,作了两点必要的说明。     

黑河日径流量混沌变化特性研究

通过对黑河日径流量变化规律的探索,重点论述相空间嵌入滞时的确定方法。计算结果表明：黑河日径流量的自相关函数呈现出明显的周期性,其周期与日径流量数据序列的周期基本一致;另外,采用了曲线下降趋势变缓的转折点,得到黑河日径流量序列的时间延迟为10天。     

Continental size,eustasy and sediment yield

Sediment yield from modern continental blocks is a function of the area (dissolved load) and hypsometry (mechanical load) of the blocks. Hypsographic curves for modern continental blocks show that the change in the percentage area flooded for any change in eustatic sea level depends on the size of the block and the absolute sea level. This allows predictions of changes in sediment yield around different sized blocks for any given eustatic change. The range in size of continental blocks is such that, for any given sea level change, the blocks will show different percentage changes in yield. Data from modern continental blocks are compared with theoretical results. Assuming that the rules governing modern hypsometries applied in the past, and a constant volume of continental crust, it is possible to estimate the hypsographic curves of former continental blocks. The implications of suggested past continental configurations and sea levels for sediment yield are discussed.