时间维的自然地理学研究

自然地理学方向的古地理学开创了时间维地理学研究的领域,其在我国的发展经历了一个从古地理学向环境演变研究拓展的过程。以现代自然环境的历史建构为主体的古地理学,以时间坐标系下自然地理过程研究为主的环境演变研究,以从时间的维度探索人地关系为主的人地系统演变研究,分别体现了地理学的区域研究传统、地球科学传统和人地关系传统,构成了自然地理学时间维研究的3个基本方面。广义地理解自然地理学方向的古地理学、环境演变以及人地系统演变,它们可以看作是相通的,人地系统演变可以理解为包括了人类作为驱动力和承受者的环境演变,用人地关系来定义自然学地理方向的古地理学,则可以将其定义为关于人地（人类-环境）系统历史演变的科学。     

中国西北地区奥陶纪岩相古地理

中国西北地区是指贺兰山及六盘山以西和昆仑山以北的我国西北部的广大地区。在各露头及钻井剖面的地层学和岩石学研究的基础上,采用单因素分析综合作图法,编制出了中国西北地区奥陶系各统的各种单因素图和奥陶纪各世的岩相古地理图。这些岩相古地理图具有定 量、多级别和多类型的特点。定量,即每个古地理单元的划分和确定都有确切的定量的单因 素数据和图件为依据。多级别,即已划分出三级古地理单元,如陆和海为一级;在海中又划 分出台地、盆地和斜坡,为二级;在台地中,又划分出滩、坪等,为三级。多类型,即每个 古地理单元,主要是二级和三级古地理单元,还可根据其岩石特征区分出不同的类型,如台 地可区分出碳酸盐岩台地、碎屑岩台地、火山岩台地等,盆地可区分出泥岩盆地、硅岩盆地 、碎屑岩盆地、复理石盆地、火山岩盆地等,滩可区分出亮晶颗粒滩（准滩、雏滩）、灰泥 颗粒滩（准滩、雏滩）等。这种古地理图在西北地区还是首次出现。西北地区奥陶纪岩相古 地理格局可概括为“海陆并存,海中台盆相间分布,台中有滩和坪,台盆间有斜坡”。早奥 陶世继承了寒武纪的海进并进一步扩大,至中奥陶世海进达盛期,到晚奥陶世开始海退,从而完成了西北地区寒武纪和奥陶纪海进海退旋回。     

东濮凹陷西洼南段老第三系岩相古地理特征

东濮凹陷西洼南段老第三系属地堑型湖盆沉积,主要发育河流相、三角洲相、冲积扇相、扇三角洲相以及湖泊相。两条边界断层,尤其是西侧长垣断层的活动性控制着该区的岩相古地理格局：断层活动强烈时,湖盆水域扩大,湖水加深,主要发育扇三角洲、三角洲及深湖－半深湖沉积;断层活动减弱时,水体变浅或干涸,湖盆被充填,主要发育冲积扇或河流相沉积。     

碳酸盐岩中磁性矿物及其在古地理研究中的作用

磁性矿物及其转化现象在碳酸盐岩中十分常见。在其沉积演化各个阶段形成的磁性矿物,分别携带了它们形成时的古环境信息,是沉积古地理学和环境磁学的直接研究对象。磁性矿物在其形成过程中还受到地磁场的磁化作用,致使其获得了原生剩磁。鉴于对这类磁性矿物的准确鉴定及其所携带的原生剩磁成分的准确辨识,是获得可靠古地磁资料和建立地块极移曲线、编制非当今界限的古地理图与进行古地理重建的前提,从而成为古地磁学和大地构造古地理学的主要研究对象。在后生阶段形成的磁性矿物,通常由原有的磁性矿物转化而成,这种转化作用常起因于构造运动及与其密切相关的岩浆活动和流体活动。由于在其转化过程中,地磁场也相应发生了变化,所以新生磁性矿物就携带上新的剩磁（重磁化剩磁）,因而它们也应该是古地磁学和大地构造古地理学的重要研究对象。如果在进行古地磁研究时,增加与构造事件和热事件相关样品的采集,加强磁性矿物的成因矿物学研究,那么就可以为进行古地理重建,提供更加可靠和更加丰富的古地磁资料。由此表明,在古地理学这一门综合性很强的地球科学,发展到巳经形成许多分支学科的今天,有必要关注磁性矿物与古地理研究之间的密切联系。     

Triassic metasedimentary successions across the boundary between the southern Apennines and the Calabrian Arc (northern Calabria,Italy)

The boundary area between the Apenninic fold‐and‐thrust belt and the crystalline Calabrian Arc, located around Sangineto in northern Calabria, has been investigated. New geological mapping in the Sant'Agata area has been performed on the Triassic successions traditionally attributed to the metasedimentary San Donato Unit. This, coupled with a reappraisal of the stratigraphy and tectonics of coeval successions present more to the south in the Cetraro Unit, results in a new reconstruction of the Triassic evolution of all the metasedimentary successions found in the region. Four informal stratigraphic units have been distinguished in the S. Agata area. The lowest one (Unit A) consists of well‐bedded metalimestones and bioturbated marly limestones that correlate with Ladinian–Carnian carbonates in nearby areas. A second unit (Unit B), never recognized before, contains a complex alternation of dolomites, phyllites and some meta‐arenites containing several beds of Cavernoso facies, attributed to the Carnian. They grade upward to platform and platform‐margin dolomites of Norian–Rhaetian age (Unit C) that in turn are replaced upward and laterally by a fourth unit (Unit D) consisting of well‐bedded, dark dolomites and metalimestones with marly interlayers locally found as resedimented large blocks in slope conglomerates. Unit D correlates with Rhaetian–Liassic beds in nearby areas. Several pieces of evidence of post‐metamorphic contractional tectonics, with 140°N and 30°N trends, are found together with evidence of SW‐directed extension. The siliciclastic Carnian beds of Unit B are correlated with the phyllites of Cetraro, formerly believed to be Middle Triassic; moreover, it is suggested that in the Cetraro area Unit C is almost totally replaced by Unit D. This demonstrates that the former distinction between the two tectonic units in the whole area has to be discarded. We have made a general palaeoenvironmental reconstruction which progresses laterally, during Ladinian–Carnian times, from (i) a coastal, mixed siliciclastic–carbonate–evaporitic area at Cetraro to (ii) a transitional carbonate shelf where siliciclastic input was only episodic, and finally to (iii) a bioconstructed margin which was later replaced by a steepened margin created by tectonic instability. Starting from the Norian, subsidence shifted toward the former coastal area where an intraplatform, restricted basin developed. The proposed stratigraphy corresponds closely to the Alpujarride units of the Betic Cordillera, Spain. Moreover, it is shown that strong affinities also exist, in terms of the structural framework, with the metamorphic units of Tuscany and Liguria. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

巴楚隆起与阿瓦提凹陷寒武系及奥陶系沉积古地理分析

根据野外露头、钻井资料分析,对塔里木盆地巴楚隆起东部和阿瓦提凹陷东南部寒武系和奥陶系进行了沉积与古地理分析。研究表明,该区寒武系和奥陶系总体上表现为从深—浅—深的沉积环境演化过程。早寒武世早期经历了短暂的深水盆地环境后,自早寒武世中晚期至中寒武世演变为局限台地——蒸发盐台地环境;晚寒武世至早奥陶世海平面开始逐渐上升,以开阔台地环境为主,至晚奥陶世中期演变为台地边缘斜坡环境。      

扬子地块北缘晚奥陶世赫南特期岩相古地理

扬子地块北缘与秦岭接壤,早古生代经历了上扬子克拉通盆地(∈-O2)和隆后盆地(O3-S)两个阶段。区内发育上奥陶统观音桥组或南郑组地层,为研究赫南特期的岩相古地理,探讨赫南特期冰川事件的沉积响应奠定了坚实的基础。根据沉积特征,结合古生物组合,扬子地块北缘观音桥组可划分为滨岸相和陆棚相。按照岩性等,陆棚相可进一步划分为陆缘碎屑陆棚相、混积陆棚相。滨岸相主要由石英砂岩、钙质砂岩和含砾砂岩组成,发育少量生物,以腕足为主;而在陆棚相中,则是以含粉砂泥岩、生屑灰岩、泥灰岩夹钙质泥岩和含钙泥岩为主,富含生物,以三叶虫(Dalmanitina)、腕足以及标志性冷水、浅水Hirnantia动物群为主。在沉积相详细研究的基础上,分析了该时期的岩相古地理面貌及其空间分布。在北部和西部,继续早期的格局,持续存在汉南隆起,围绕隆起分布的是滨岸相;往南至大两会-桥亭一线,为陆缘碎屑浅海陆棚,大两会-桥亭一线往南区域分布为混积陆棚。由于在研究区,无论在滨岸地带还是浅海地区,均发育赫南特贝化石,说明在赫南特期,由于受南冈瓦纳冰川事件的影响,冰水侵进扬子北缘全区。这次冰川事件导致海平面下降,致使扬子北缘水体变浅,早期的深水陆棚变为浅水陆棚,生物也由浮游相笔石迅速变为壳相赫南特贝,早期隆起范围进一步扩大,并出现地层的缺失。     

鄂西—湘西北地区二叠纪栖霞期岩相古地理

对鄂西—湘西北地区多个沉积剖面的地层及沉积相进行了详细分析,结果表明,该区二叠纪栖霞期至茅口初期主要为内克拉通碳酸盐岩缓坡环境,发育内缓坡相、中缓坡相、外缓坡相和盆地相.内缓坡相以厚层至块状生物碎屑石灰岩为主,生物颗粒以绿藻和底栖有孔虫为主,缺乏高能沉积的生物颗粒.中缓坡相以中厚层含生物碎屑颗粒石灰岩以及厚层灰泥石灰岩...     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Women, Work, and Ideology in the Third World . Haleh Afshar, ed. The Birth of the National Park Service. The Founding Years 1913–33 . Horace M. Albright Theatres of Accumulation: Studies in Asian and Latin American Urbanization . Warwick Armstrong and T.G. McGee. New Tools for Social Scientists, Advances and Applications in Research Methods . William D. Berry and Michael S. Lewis -Beck , eds . Uncertain Dimensions: Western Overseas Empires in the Twentieth Century . Raymond F. Betts. Geography of Sugar Cane . Helmut Blume. The Mines of Neptune: Minerals and Metals from the Sea . Elisabeth Mann Borgese. Geographical Dimensions of Energy . F.J. Calzonetti and B.D. Solomon, eds. Statistical Methods for Geographers . W. A. V. Clark and P. L. Hosking. In The Wake of Columbus, Islands and Controversy . John DeVorsey, Jr., and John Parker, eds. Housing, States and Localities . Peter Dickens, Simon Duncan, Mark Goodwin and Fred Gray. Physician Location and Specialty Choice . Richard L. Ernst and Donald E. Yett. Practical Ecology for Geography and Biology: Survey, Mapping, and Data Analysis . D.D. Gilbertson , M. Kent and F.B. Pyatt Large Scale Water Transfers: Emerging Environmental and Social Experiences . Genady N. Golubev and Asit K. Biswas, eds. The Nature of the Environment . Andrew Goudie. Planning for Population Change . W.T.S. Gould and R. Lawton. The Niger and its Neighbors: Environmental History and Hydrobiology. Human Use and Health Hazards of the Major West African Rivers . A.T. Grove, ed. Remote Sensing of Ice and Snow . Dorothy K. Hall and Jaroslav Martinec. Atlas of Antebellum Southern Agriculture . Sam Bowers Hilliard. Galilee Divided; The Israel-Lebanon Frontier, 1916-1984 . Frederic C. Hor . Plains Country Towns . John C. Hudson. Agricultural Geography: A Social and Economic Analysis . Brian W. Ilbery. Industry in the 1980s: Structural Change and Interdependence . U.N. Industrial Development Organization. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States . Kenneth T. Jackson. The Industrial Geography of Italy . Russell King. Studies in Linguistic Geography: The Dialects of English in Britain and Ireland . John M. Kirk, Stewart Sanderson, J.D.A. Widdowson, eds. Tourism: A Community Approach . Peter E. Murphy. Cities and Services: The Geography of Collective Consumption . Steven Pinch. An Historical Geography of Europe 1800–1914 . Norman J. G. Pounds. An Introduction to Human Ecology Research on Agricultural Systems in Southeast Asia . A. Terry Rambo and Percy E. Sajise, eds. Discovering Past Landscapes . Michael Reed, ed. Managing the Ocean: Resources, Research, Law . Jacques G. Richardson, ed. Carta fitosociologica de la transecta botanica de la Patagonia Austral . F.A. Roig , Juan Anchorema , Orlando Dollenz , A.M. Faggi and Eduardo Mandez Intermetropolitan Migration in Canada: Changing Determinants over Three Decades . R. Paul Shaw. Chinese Cities—The Growth of the Metropolis since 1949 . Victor F. Sit, ed. Urbanization in the World-Economy . Michael Timberlake, ed. The Al Business: Commercial Uses of Artificial Intelligence . Patrick H. Winston and Karen A. Prendergast, eds.     

Sequence associations of sedimentary facies in continental basins and their applications to palaeogeographic mapping

According to the characteristics of sedimentary facies and their vertical associations, sequence association of sedimentary facies can be divided into 2 types and 28 subtypes. The first type (type A) is a sedimentary sequence without volcanic rocks, including 18 subtypes. The second type (type B) is a volcanogenic succession including 10 subtypes. Each subtype may reflect certain filling condition under certain sedimentary environment. Time and space distribution of different types of sequence associations can reflect tectonics that controlled the basin evolution, sedimentary environments and palaeogeography.