山西太原早二叠世一种新的莲座蕨目植物及古植物地理学和古环境意义?

报道了山西太原西山煤田早二叠世早期太原组7号煤层煤核中一种具解剖构造的两侧对称的莲座蕨目聚合囊，这是目前为止华夏植物区已知地质时代最早的两侧对称的莲座蕨目聚合囊。经对比研究，将当前标本归入始莲座蕨属Eoangiopteris Mamay，并建立一新种：山西始莲座蕨E.shanxiensis sp. nov.。新种的主要特征：生殖小羽片至少2.6 mm宽，长度不明，中脉具一“C”形维管束。小羽片明显背卷，但没有影响到聚合囊的排列。聚合囊两侧对称，长0.75~1.1 mm，宽0.35~0.55 mm，由8~12枚孢子囊构成，孢子囊侧向相互接触。聚合囊具短而明显的托，由薄壁组织包围着维管组织构成。孢子囊直径150~250 mm，高550~850 mm，纵切面上呈筒状，具明显的实心的顶端。孢子囊面向外的壁在中下部为2~3层细胞厚，在顶端为3~4层细胞厚，细胞近等径，壁较厚；侧壁和面向内的壁1层细胞厚，在孢子囊中下部呈弦向伸长状，在顶端则呈径向伸长状，壁较薄。孢子数量多，可达1 000粒以上，小，近球形，直径8~13 mm，具三缝构造，孢子壁由外壁和周壁构成，外壁光滑，周壁具细颗粒纹饰。讨论了本新种的系统分类位置，很可能属于辉木科。根据欧美植物区和华夏植物区两侧对称的莲座蕨目聚合囊的分布特征探讨了本新种的古植物地理学意义。并结合7号煤层煤核中植物化石的组成特征和一些植物的生态解剖学构造简要探讨了本新种的生活环境特征。     

Organic facies and depositional palaeoenvironment of lignites from Rio Maior Basin (Portugal)

The Rio Maior Basin (Portugal) is a tectonic depression, filled by a Pliocene sequence that comprises, from floor to roof: (i) kaoliniferous fine sands, (ii) diatomites and lignites, (iii) recent deposits of sandstone and clay. The diatomites and lignites form a small dissimetric syncline with alternating seams. Ten lignite seams were identified and named from floor to roof as F, E, D, C.2, C.1, C, B, A, a and a′. Seams A, D, E and F are considered to be the main seams.The organic fraction consists mainly of macerals of the huminite group, with small percentages of inertinite and liptinite groups. However, the petrographic composition of each seam is distinct, particularly with regards to macerals of the huminite and liptinite groups.Calculation of petrographic indices permitted to plot the coals in facies and palaeoenvironment diagrams. Five facies have been defined: (i) aquatic, (ii) herbaceous swamp, (iii) mixed swamp with forest and herbaceous vegetation, (vi) forest swamp (wetter) and (v) forest swamp (drier).These lignites are humic coals formed from organic matter of terrestrial origin. The peat biomass at the origin of these coals formed from a very diverse vegetation comprising gymnosperms and angiosperms. In seams F, and occasionally in seams E and D, Botryococcus algae have also contributed to the biomass. Peat deposition corresponded to a rheotrophic hydrological regime: the water level always remained above the topographic surface of the basin. Nevertheless, during the deposition of seam A in the northern part of the basin, the water level was slightly below the topographic surface. The organic matter was preserved in anaeorobic conditions.     

准噶尔盆地地壳动力学与油气储集层沉积相模型

本文以地壳动力学观点对准噶尔盆地发生、发育序列进行了探讨。该盆地生长序次分为五个阶段：①前盆地发育阶段（Ｃ３前）：被动大陆边缘；②裂陷阶段（Ｃ３→Ｐ１）：火山弧后盆地－残余弧后盆地；③压陷阶段（Ｐ２→）：前陆盆地；④坳陷阶段：内陆湖泊盆地；⑤萎缩阶段（Ｒ→Ｑ）：内陆湖泊→盐湖盆地。其中，晚二叠世和中生代的压陷和坳陷阶段有利于油气储集层形成。并且建立了油气储层沉积模型：下二叠统为大陆火山喷发相→洪冲积扇相→河流相或三角洲相→海相或湖相；上二叠统和三叠系分缓坡型和陡岸型。缓坡型沉积模式为洪冲积扇相→河流相→三角洲相→滨浅湖亚相→半深湖亚相。陡岸型为洪冲积扇相→扇三角洲相→滨浅湖亚相→半深湖亚相及浊积扇相；侏罗系八道湾组和西山密组不仅为较好油气储层，同时亦为富煤单元，其沉积模式为过境河流相→冲积扇相→辫状河流相→辫状三角洲相→湖泊相，或者，洪冲积扇相→河流沼泽亚相→湖湾亚相→滨湖沼泽亚相→滨浅湖亚相。     

撞击事件对古环境的影响——来自ODP1144站A孔样品的证据

本文通过对ODP1144站A孔BM界线附近样品中微玻璃陨石的挑选和研究,确定在中更新世曾发生过地外物体撞击地球的灾变事件。样品中浮游有孔虫壳体碳氧同位素的对比研究表明,在微玻璃陨石事件发生的后期,曾发生了浮游有孔虫壳体碳氧同位素组成的变化,表现为^δ13 C值的降低和^δ18 O值的增加。文中还探讨了其形成的原因。     

Natural Magnetic Archives of Past Global Change

Rock magnetic parameters of sediments reflect palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic conditions during deposition in the marine and in the continental realm. The processes which lead to enhancement or degradation of the magnetic properties are well known – though not completely understood. They include variable terrigenous material influx, organic and inorganic in situ formation of ferromagnetic minerals and diagenetic destruction of these minerals. Cyclical changes in the magnetic mineral assemblages occurring at the orbital periodicities involved in standard Milankovitch theory have been observed in numerous sedimentary records, at least during the last seven million years. This confirms the relationship between rock magnetism and past global change. Quantitative interpretation of the magnetic signals, however, is still in its infancy and is hampered by the complex interplay of the signal formation processes.     

Variability in biomarkers of different saline basins in China

42 samples (sediments and crude oils) from 5 different saline/hypersaline basins of China were examined using variety of geochemical techniques. A pronounced even over odd distribution ofn-alkanes is observed for the Ejinur, Jianghan samples. Abundance of isoprenoid alkanes, dominated by phytane (C₂₀ up to 20 per cent in EOM), and C₂₅ and C₃₀ components is another outstanding feature of these studied lacustrine hypersaline settings, indicating important contributuions from archaebacteria. Gammacerane is a major component of some Eocene Jiangham samples and Cretaceous Taian sediments. Absolute concentration of phytane and gammacerane appears to be linearly related to chlorine and residual (reduced) sulfur contents of sediments from Jianghan basin, suggesting sulfur incoporation might have played an important role in the enhacement of these biomarkers in the anoxic hypersaline, alkaline settings. Wide range of organic sulfur compounds in immature samples of Jianghan Basin reflects a significant pathway for sulfur incorporation under hypersaline, extremely anoxic/reducing conditions, although for some structures a direct origin from some sulfur archaebacteria can not be excluded. Brackish salt marsh sediment and oil from Lenghu depression contain abundant lupane, strong OEP inn-alkane series, and predominance of C₂₉ steranes, suggesting a markedly input from vascular higher plants. The marginal marine evaporate sediments from the hypersaline Triassic Yangtze Platform is unique for its predominant, complete series of isoprenoid alkanes up to C₃₆ (abundant) and C₄₀ (trace). These long-chain isoprenoids are probably derived from phytoplanktons in addition to archaebacteria. The marked difference in biomarker distributions from the various suites of samples support that application of these biomarkers to help effectively characterize different saline basins. The molecular variation is, however, not only due to their discrepancy in biological sources, but also the extension of sulfate reduction and the availability of metal ions during early diagenesis.     

准噶尔盆地的侏罗系

简介了准噶尔盆地周边侏罗系各岩组的沉积特征及所含生物群面貌。根据生物群纵向演变规律和横向对比，将八道湾组的时代归于早侏罗世早期，不排除其底部为晚三叠世的可能；三工河组为早侏罗世晚期至中侏罗世早期；头屯河组与盆地东北缘五彩湾组相当，属中侏罗世晚期。早、中侏罗世准噶尔盆地气候温暖潮湿，盆地边缘以河流沼泽相为主，是重要成煤时期，中侏罗世晚期以后，盆地开始抬升，盆地边缘以河流相为主，气候变干热，除东北缘外，生物贫乏；晚侏罗世时，盆地受燕山运动影响，激烈抬升，边缘形成河流相或山麓河流相粗碎屑沉积，伴随有强烈的火山活动。     

Foraminifera from the Vectis Formation (Wealden Group, Lower Cretaceous) of the Wessex Sub-basin, southern England: a preliminary account

Foraminifera are documented from the uppermost part of the essentially lagoonal Vectis Formation (Barremian to possibly early Aptian) of the Isle of Wight, southern England. Monospecific and low-diversity influxes of indigenous agglutinated taxa are identified from claystones of mudflat or subaqueous origin, and their palaeoecological significance is assessed. In contrast, reworked Upper Jurassic foraminifera are associated with coarser-grained bioclastic deposits and indicate the proximity of the Wessex Sub-basin margin, immediately to the north.     

Morphometric analysis of sediment conduits on a bathymetric high: Implications for palaeoenvironment and hydrocarbon prospectivity

Canyons and other sediment conduits are important components of the deep‐water environment and are the main pathways for sediment transport from the shelf to the basin floor. Using 3‐D and 2‐D seismic reflection data, seismic facies and statistical morphometric analyses, this study showed the architectural evolution of five canyons, two slide scars and four gullies on the southern part of the Loppa High, Barents Sea. Morphometric parameters such as thalweg depth (lowest point on a conduit's base), wall depth (middle point), height, width and base width, sinuosity, thalweg gradient, aspect ratio (width/height) and cross‐sectional area of the conduits were measured at intervals of 250‐m perpendicular to the conduits’ pathways. Our results show that the canyons and slide scars in the study area widen down slope, whereas the gullies are narrow and short with uniform widths. The sediment conduits in the study area evolved in three stages. The first stage is correlated with a time when erosion and bypass were dominant in the conduits, and sediment transferred to the basin in the south. The second stage occurred when basin subsidence was prevalent, and a widespread fine‐grained sequence was deposited as a drape blanketing the canyons and other conduits. A final stage occurred when uplift and glacial erosion configured the entire southern Loppa High into an area of denudation. Our work demonstrates that the morphometric parameters of the canyons, slide scars and gullies generally have increasing linear trends with down‐slope distance, irrespective of their geometries. The morphometric analysis of the sediment conduits in the study area has wider applications for understanding depositional processes, reservoir distribution and petroleum prospectivity in frontier basins.