贵州威宁麻窝山岩溶盆地沉积物中粘土矿物特征及其古气候指示意义

利用X射线衍射等分析方法,对贵州威宁麻窝山岩溶盆地沉积物中粘土矿物进行研究,获得了粘土矿物的组成、相对含量、结晶度指数、化学指数以及相对含量比值等方面的信息,探讨该盆地的沉积环境演化特征。研究表明,粘土矿物以伊/蒙混层矿物(30%~75%)和绿泥石(10%~45%)为主,高岭石(5%~20%)和伊利石(10%)次之,基本不含蒙脱石。伊/蒙混层矿物和绿泥石含量呈负相关性。高岭石含量在剖面底部较稳定,在484cm上部出现较大的波动。伊利石结晶度和化学指数与伊/蒙混层矿物含量具有较好的正相关性,且在第Ⅰ阶段相对于其它指标较敏感,出现波动。通过综合对比分析,将研究区剖面划分为4个阶段,其是3个冷暖干湿的大循环和若干个小循环气候环境的物质记录。     

豫西宜阳上二叠统孙家沟组孢粉组合及其地质意义*

豫西宜阳上二叠统孙家沟组为一套陆相碎屑岩,在该组中部土门段砂泥互层中发现大量的植物化石碎片和孢粉化石。文中依据孙家沟组沉积特征及孢粉组合区域对比,厘定了土门段的地质时代,并依据孢粉化石的亲缘植物关系和信息函数,结合微量元素Sr/Cu值指标,定性和半定量分析了宜阳地区的古气候特征。结果显示: 土门段共发现52属孢粉化石,以裸子植物花粉占优势,与华北地区晚二叠世孢粉组合特征有很大的相似性,推测其地质时代相当于晚二叠世长兴期。孢粉化石属种的植物亲缘关系与欧美镁灰岩统植物成分类似,表明整体上为较炎热的半干旱古气候。该成果可为华北地区晚二叠世晚期的陆相沉积环境、古植物背景以及古气候演化研究提供参考依据。     

A well‐established Early–Middle Pleistocene marine sequence on south‐east Zakynthos island,western Greece: Magneto‐biostratigraphic constraints and palaeoclimatic implications

The chronostratigraphy of a long, onshore Early–Middle Pleistocene marine sedimentary sequence on the south‐east part of Zakynthos island, Greece, is presented. Correlation of the succession with the isotope record of Ocean Drilling Program Site 963 reveals the combined influence of tectonics and eustacy in this area. The sequence is divided into three formations by two main unconformities that apparently relate to sea‐level lowstands associated with two major northern hemisphere glaciations, those of marine isotope stages (MIS) 22 and 12. The Zakynthos sequence in many ways is comparable with the Italian Valle di Manche section. Magnetostratigraphic and rock magnetic analyses, supported by biostratigraphy, document the position of the Matuyama/Brunhes Chron boundary (0.77 Ma), the top and base of the Jaramillo Subchron (0.99–1.07 Ma), the Cobb Mountain Subchron (1.173–1.185 Ma) and the top of the Olduvai Subchron (1.78 Ma). The underlying strata are constrained exclusively by detailed nannofossil biostratigraphy extending at least to the lowermost Pleistocene at around 2.54 Ma and therefore certainly incorporating the base of the Olduvai Subchron (1.95 Ma) and possibly the Gauss/Matuyama Chron boundary (2.58 Ma). In addition, a remarkable increase in sedimentation rate (from 3.2 and 28 cm ka^?1 to 167 cm ka^?1) and hence resolution above the Matuyama/Brunhes boundary (Middle Pleistocene) reveals one short‐lived magnetic excursion, possibly 17a (0.66 Ma), within the normal polarity Brunhes Chron. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国石炭纪古生物地理与古气候

本文从分析沉积及生物群出发,结合世界构造古地理和气候分带,将中国早石炭古生物地理分属三个生物区,即华夏生物区,中蒙海生物区和东冈瓦纳生物区。晚石炭世的生物分区与早石炭世大体相似。中国早石炭世的古气候分为华夏热带—亚热带区,准噶尔—兴安北温带区和西藏南部南温带区。其界线大致与古生物地理分区相合。晚石炭世中国气候分带与早石炭世相似。     

西藏阿里札达盆地上新世-早更新世的古植被、古环境与古气候演化

本文将西藏札达盆地河湖相地层重新划分为第四系下更新统香孜组(Qp1-1x)、新近系上新统古格组(N22g)和上新统托林组(N21t)。河湖相地层的古地磁法和ESR法测年结果表明,札达盆地内河湖相沉积地层的形成时代为新近纪上新世—第四纪早更新世。根据该套河湖相地层沉积演化和其中的孢粉组合特征、河湖相沉积中所发现的各种古动植物化石等的综合分析,笔者对札达盆地上新世—早更新世的古植被、古环境与古气候演变进行了探讨。结果表明,札达地区上新世—早更新世气候经历了从湿热—温暖潮湿—偏冷潮湿—寒冷干旱的变化,以及植被从森林—灌木—草原的逐渐演化。可将札达盆地上新世—早更新世环境演化划分为7个大的阶段,其总体特征是15.4~4.4Ma,札达地区处于亚热带湿热气候环境;24.4~3.95Ma,为暖温带温暖潮湿气候;33.95~3.5Ma,为偏凉潮湿阶段,气候开始转冷;43.5~3.2Ma,为温暖潮湿阶段;53.2~2.9Ma,气候转为偏冷潮湿阶段;62.9~2.57Ma,该阶段气候偏冷而干旱,整体较为干冷;72.57~1.36Ma,气候寒冷而干旱。表明自上新世—早更新世,该区的古气候环境在逐渐变干、变冷的总趋势上,经历了多次明显的冷暖与干湿波动。     

黑龙江鸡东盆地中中新世湖盆演变和植被变化研究

黑龙江鸡东盆地是受古、新近纪敦密断裂带作用而形成的断陷含煤盆地。依据该盆地91-205钻孔永庆组的岩性变化特点和盆地构造演化阶段,识别和阐述了中中新世湖盆发育的3个阶段,即早期湖泊形成发展阶段、中期湖泊扩张最大阶段和晚期湖泊收缩衰退阶段,并揭示湖泊阶段性发展的旋回性特征。根据孢粉资料,恢复湖盆各个不同发育阶段的古植被面貌,重建当时的古气候。结果表明植被经历了北亚热带含常绿阔叶成分的落叶阔叶林、暖温带—北亚热带落叶阔叶林以及含亚高山针叶树种的暖温带—北亚热带落叶阔叶林阶段,鸡东盆地中中新世湖泊的演变和植被更替存在着潜在的关联。     

湖泊记录中的古气候和古环境指标及其地质灾害信息

笔者在简略论述反映古气候、古环境的多种代用指标的基础上，讨论其在揭示地质灾害信息方面的意义，并分析从中提取地质灾害信息的方法和思路。认为在沉积物粒度判别基础上， 沉积物表现出的较低δ^18O值，较低δ13C值和较低碳酸盐含量以及较高的有机质含量特征可能指示了地质灾害方面的信息。     

Recent sedimentation in a high arctic lake, northern Ellesmere Island, Canada

A multiple core study was conducted on laminated minerogenic sediments from Lake C2, Northern Ellesmere Island, Canadian High Arctic. Lateral persistence, distal thinning, variation in grain size of these laminations as well as present-day processes of highly seasonal sediment transfer into the lake basin suggest that clastic varves have been formed. Sedimentation rates based on ²¹⁰Pb dating agree well with sedimentation rates based on lamination counts giving further evidence that laminations are annual. Errors in varve counting were reduced from 12% to < 2% using the multi-core approach of cross-correlating all records. Varved sediments are occasionally interrupted by thick coarse-grained layers, which are interpreted as deposits of turbidity currents and may be related to extremely high discharge events and slope failures of the delta front. Micro-laminated sediments spanning the last two centuries were studied in detail. Suspension settling is the dominant process of deposition depending upon stream discharge which is controlled by nival melt and summer temperatures. Application of varve chronology thus allows to use lamination thickness measurements as source of high resolution proxy data for palaeoclimatic reconstruction.This is the fifth in a series of papers published in this issue on the Taconite Inlet Lakes Project. These papers were collected by Dr R. S. Bradley.     

福建省中部沿海地区十二万年来的古气候

根据福建中部沿海地区有关钻孔或露头第四系孢粉样的研究,将该区距今12万年以来的古气候划分为七个气候期:(1)温暖湿润的琅岐期,距今12.0—7.0万年;(2)冷干的前福州期,距今7.0—4.1万年;(3)前期凉爽,后期温湿的福州期,距今4.1—2.0万年;(4)冷干的后福州期,距今2.0—1.2万年;(5)稍温干的前长乐期,距今1.2—0.8万年;(6)暖热湿润的长乐期,距今0.8—0.3万年;(7)稍温湿的后长乐期,距今0.3万年至现在。福建省中部沿海地区晚更新世下限距今约12万年,全新世下限距今约1.2万年。