Smooth inversion for ground surface temperature histories: estimating the optimum regularization parameter by generalized cross-validation

The inversion of recent borehole temperatures has proved to be a successful tool to determine ancient ground surface temperature histories. To take into account heterogeneity of thermal properties and their non-linear dependence on temperature itself, a versatile 1-D inversion technique based on a finite-difference approach has been developed. Regularization of the generally ill-posed problem is obtained by an appropriate version of Tikhonov regularization of variable order. In this approach, a regularization parameter has to be determined, representing a trade-off between data fit and model smoothness. We propose to select this parameter by generalized cross-validation. The resulting technique is employed in case studies from the Kola ultradeep drilling site, and another borehole from northeastern Poland. Comparing the results from both sites corroborates the hypothesis that subglacial ground surface temperatures as met in Kola often are much higher than the ones in areas exposed to atmospheric conditions (Poland).     

乌伦古湖介形组合及其壳体同位素记录的全新世气候环境变化

选择位于西风区的乌伦古湖为研究对象,利用AMS 14 C测年手段,建立了乌伦古湖沉积岩芯全新世以来的时间序列.对湖泊沉积物中的介形类组合特征及其壳体氧碳同位素的综合分析表明,全新世以来乌伦古湖地区气候环境演变经历了3个阶段:9985～5250cal.aB.P.为剖面最湿润阶段,气候经历了温干-冷湿-暖湿的转变,湖水水位和湖面相应地经历了由浅变深、由小变大的变化,出现了高湖面特征;5250～1255cal.aB.P.为剖面最干燥阶段,气候由早期暖干向中后期暖湿转变,湖泊水位先下降后回升;1255cal.aB.P.以来先低温后升温,气候干燥,降水较少,湖水位降低.乌伦古湖介形虫记录的气候环境演化不但与孢粉资料记录相吻合,而且与周边区域环境变化记录一致,很好地响应了区域环境和全球气候突变事件,在百年尺度上主要遵循西风带模式,表现为冷湿暖干组合特征.     

Holocene climate change in the Central Tibetan Plateau inferred by lacustrine sediment geochemical records

Multi-proxies of lacustrine sediments, such as total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), total inorganic carbon (TIC), total nitrogen (TN), total sulfur (TS), hydrogen index (HI), oxygen index (OI) and stable carbon isotopic composition of organic matter (δ 13Corg), were analyzed using a 7.3 m core from Zigê Tangco. The source of the organic matter in the sediment was mainly from autochthonous phytoplankton, therefore the significances of proxies can be interpreted as that high TOC, TOC/TS, HI and δ13Corg values, low TC, TIC values corresponded to warm and wet climatic condition, and vice versa. The process of climatic development in the Zigê Tangco region was hence recovered. During the early and Mid-Holocene, the climate was warm and wet and intensive cold events occurred during the periods of 8600 to 8400 cal a BP and 7400 to 7000 cal a BP. In the second half of Holocene, the climate became cold and dry gradually. The palaeoclimatic process during Holocene in Zigê Tangco region matched well with that in Co Ngoin region which is ca 40 km to the south-east. Therefore this palaeoclimatic process represents the Holocene climatic feature in the Central Tibetan Plateau which has the same pattern in the Northern Tibetan Plateau, but the time and duration of some climatic events might be different. We can conclude that in Holocene solar insolation controlled the climatic pattern on the central Tibetan Plateau.     

Climatic significance of D/H and13C/12C ratios in Irish oak cellulose

δD and δ¹³C analyses of cellulose nitrate from two modern Irish oak trees that form part of the 7400 year long chronology were carried out, covering a period of 123 years (1861–1983 A.D.) with a 5 year resolution so as to assess the potential of this long chronology for retrieval of palaeoenvironmental data. One of the trees (Q5293) showed significant correlations of δD, δ¹³ C and ring width with mean annual temperatures as recorded at the Armagh weather station nearby and the mean fall temperatures of Central England. The other tree (Q5296) did not exhibit any significant climatic correlations either because it grew utilizing a nearby permanent source of ground water or because the intra-ring isotopic variations in Irish oak are significant enough to mask the climatic signal. Whilst our results have given a positive indication of the usefulness of these trees for palaeoenvironmental information, more trees need to be analysed to confirm our findings. Even though one of the trees did not exhibit climatic correlations, both trees show a significant positive correlation of δ¹³C and a negative correlation of δD with ring width variations. Furthermore, two tree samples that grew during the 1620s B.C., when a volcano is thought to have erupted on the Aegean island of Santorini, show increased δD and decreased δ¹³C for one to two decades following the eruption, though the magnitudes of change seem to vary with site and trees. We have proposed a possible mechanism based on tree phenology to explain both the above effects.     

Palaeoenvironmental records in Holocene Spanish tufas: a stable isotope approach in search of reliable climatic archives

Tufa deposits are potential terrestrial archives of palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic information. This study assesses the potential of stable isotopic archives from two closely juxtaposed Holocene tufa sites in SE Spain. The Ruidera site contains deep‐water lacustrine micrites and tufas, whereas the nearby Alcaraz site represents a shallow barrage tufa. Understanding site characteristics is critical to interpreting the stable isotopic variations. These Holocene lacustrine micrites have isotopic compositions consistent with modern European lake shore microbial carbonates, where the isotopic chemistry is strongly influenced by hydrological and residence time effects. All the lacustrine micrite δ¹³C values were influenced by microenvironmental microbial effects to some degree. Because of these effects, stable isotope data from lacustrine microbial micrites and tufas will not normally yield precise information on the isotopic composition of palaeoprecipitation, temperature or vegetation composition of an area. In contrast, Holocene tufas that formed in shallow, fast‐flowing riverine settings may contain valuable palaeoclimatic archives. The tufa deposits must be largely autochthonous, as at Alcaraz, where in situ reed stem encrustations are present. Records of relative change in air temperature and changes in the source of airmasses are potentially resolvable in the δ¹⁸O data. These interpretations can be verified by other independent climatic data where chronology is constrained. Variations in riverine tufa δ¹³C values probably record changes in local vegetation and/or soil respiration. Covariation between δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values may be intrinsically linked to climatic factors such as aridity. Tentative palaeoclimatic interpretations for the middle Holocene at Alcaraz based on the isotope data suggest warming (or increasing influence of Mediterranean‐sourced precipitation) between approximately 5000–3000 radiocarbon years BP, accompanied by increased aridity. These interpretations are consistent with the sparse independent palaeoclimatic data and climate modelling results for the Holocene of SE Spain. This study supports the growing evidence that well‐chosen tufa sites could yield valuable palaeoclimatic information.     

Holocene Saline Sedimentary Record in Tibetan Dong Co (Lake) and Its Significance on Palaeoclimate

HOLOCENE SALINE SEDIMENTARY RECORD IN TIBETAN DONG CO(LAKE) AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE ON PALAEOCLIMATE     

Palaeoshorelines as Indic ator of Late Cenozoic Climo-Tectonic Changes in Ladakh Trans Himalaya: an Illustration From Tso Kar Lake

PALAEOSHORELINES AS INDICATOR OF LATE CENOZOIC CLIMO-TECTONIC CHANGES IN LADAKH TRANS HIMALAYA:AN ILLUSTRATION FROM TSO KAR LAKE1　BhattacharyyaA .Vegetationandclimateduringthelast 30 0 0 0 yearsinLadakh [J] .Palaeogeogr,Palaeoclimatol,Palaeoecol,1989,73:2 5～ 38. 2　CerlingTE .LateCenozoicvegetationchange,atmosphericCO2 andtectonics[A] .Ruddiman ,W .F .,ed .Tectonicupliftandclimatechange[M] .NewYork:PlenumPress,1998.313～ 2 2 7. …     

陆域古全球变迁简介

“古全球变迁”计划 (ＰＡＧＥＳ ;ＰａｓｔＧｌｏｂａｌＣｈａｎｇｅｓ)乃是国际地圈—生物圈研究计划(ＩＧＢＰ ;ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＧｅｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ -ＢｉｏｓｐｈｅｒｅＰｒｏ ｇｒａｍｍｅ)的五项核心计划之一 ,主旨在于透过各国及国际间组织 ,取得并解释有关古气候和古环境方面的纪录 ,以探究环境变迁的原因 ,并评估人为作用在地球的自然系统中的生物圈 ,地圈及大气圈中的角色。为了对全球古气候有深入且全面的认识 ,ＰＡＧＥＳ乃成立了三个贯通两极与赤道的研究组 ;第一组为美洲区 (ＰＥＰＩ -Ｐｏｌｅ -Ｅｑｕａｔｏｒ -…