Genetic algorithm for fitting a mixed Bingham distribution to 3D orientations: a tool for the statistical and paleostress analyses of fracture orientations

The clustering of fracture orientations is important for tectonic studies and for geotechnical engineering. In this study, a real‐coded genetic algorithm was adopted to fitting a mixed Bingham distribution to orientation data by maximizing the log‐likelihood function of the distribution. The maximization is a difficult problem, because the function has multimodality and singularity. It was found that the algorithm was effective for this problem. Given the orientations of dilational fractures, the present method determines not only the stress axes and stress ratio of each of the fracture groups but also the maximum non‐dimensionalized fluid pressure at the time of their formation. In addition, the software calculates the 95 % error ellipses of the concentration axes. The present method found that the orientations of ore veins of the Akenobe Mine, SW Japan, should be partitioned into three clusters. It is shown that two of the groups had distinctive Zn and Sn contents, and that the ore fluids had overpressures only slightly greater than the minimum principal stress at the time of the deposition of Zn‐ and Sn‐rich veins.     

雅鲁藏布江缝合带东段白垩纪混杂岩归属及其构造意义

采用野外地质点观察、岩相分析及碎屑锆石U-Pb定年方法,对雅鲁藏布江缝合带东段南侧的朗县白垩纪混杂岩（KL）进行研究。分析结果显示,以乃东-金东-莫洛断裂为界,该断裂南侧具有以板岩/千枚岩为主夹砂岩、粉砂岩的特征,属于海底扇沉积,其碎屑锆石年龄谱有230Ma和530Ma 2个峰值,与南部的上三叠统复理石郎杰学群极其相似;而该断裂北侧狭长地带的KL则主要为陆棚相板岩与大理岩,属于拉萨南缘沉积。为此认为,南部主体属于上三叠统郎杰学群,暗示印度大陆与欧亚大陆在西藏东南部的缝合碰撞边界可能是乃东-金东-莫洛断裂,而不是北侧的泽当-加查-朗拉岗则断裂或南侧的乃东-曲松-白露断裂。     

The Godzilla Megamullion,the largest oceanic core complex on the earth: a historical review

The Godzilla Megamullion is the largest known oceanic core complex (OCC) on the Earth, located in the Parece Vela Basin in the Philippine Sea. In this article, the history of Godzilla Megamullion study is reviewed for the first time, dividing it into three major phases: (i) the early studies done before Japan's extended continental shelf survey program; (ii) the studies during Japan's extended continental shelf survey program that discovered the OCC; and (iii) the studies by the post‐discovery cruises. The early studies included an interpretation of US nautical chart of the southwestern Pacific and the site surveys for Deep Sea Drilling Project cruises (DSDP Legs 6, 31 and 59). The early studies recognized the presence of the Parece Vela Rift, the extinct spreading axis of the Parece Vela Basin, and established the currently accepted model that the Philippine Sea evolved with eastward progression of backarc spreading and arc migration. The modern understanding of the Parece Vela Basin comes from Japan's extended continental shelf survey program. The program revealed the ultramafic petrology as well as a two‐stage evolution model of the basin. Following these results, the discovery of the Godzilla Megamullion was made in 2001. The studies by the post‐discovery cruises further revealed important characteristics of the OCC, such as the presence of abundant plagioclase‐bearing peridotite and the systematic temporal changes in both deformation microstructures and composition of plagioclase and amphibole in gabbroic mylonites and ultramylonites. Zircon U–Pb ages of gabboric and leucocratic rocks indicate that the terminal phase of Parece Vela Basin spreading was with a significant decline in spreading rate and asymmetry accompanying formation of the Godzilla Megamullion. The estimated denudation rate of the OCC was approximately 2.5 cm/yr; significantly slower than the previous estimate based on poorly constrained magnetic data.     

东昆仑可支塔格蛇绿混杂岩的地质地球化学特征

东昆仑可支塔格蛇绿混杂岩属于木孜塔格-鲸鱼湖大断裂的西延部分,主要由辉橄岩、辉长岩、闪长岩、斜长花岗岩、辉绿岩、玄武岩及硅质岩等组成,形成时代为早石炭世。为构造强烈破坏的蛇绿混杂岩,形成于俯冲带环境,属SSZ型蛇绿岩。其中辉橄岩以相对低SiO2、TiO2、Al2O3和CaO、高MgO为特征,贫有色金属成矿元素,富集相容元素Cr、Ni、Co。稀土总量低,接近于球粒陨石稀土元素总量,以LREE略富集为特征。闪长岩SiO2、K2O含量较低,MgO、CaO、Na2O较高,稀土总量高,∑REE为90.95μg/g,LREE富集。斜长花岗岩SiO269.8%,Na2O>K2O,K2O/Na2O为0.78,A/CNK为1.68,具有大洋斜长花岗岩的岩石化学特征。闪长岩、斜长花岗岩的微量元素特征相似,表现为大离子亲石元素K、Sr、Rb、Ba相对富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf相对亏损。研究表明,辉橄岩来源于亏损的地幔岩,接近于强烈亏损的方辉橄榄岩,而明显不同于结晶分异作用成因的超镁铁质岩石。闪长岩、斜长花岗岩为蛇绿混杂岩的浅色岩组分,是地幔岩浆结晶分异的产物。     

西藏拉抗俄斑岩铜钼矿床流体包裹体研究

西藏冈底斯成矿带拉抗俄斑岩铜钼矿床位于西藏特提斯构造域拉萨地块东段中南部,是近年来青藏高原地质大调查项目评价的重点矿床之一。文章在钻孔地质编录的基础上,依据矿物组合、脉体穿切关系的不同,划分了3个成矿阶段:早阶段、中阶段以及晚阶段,成矿中阶段为主成矿阶段。根据包裹体室温下的相态充填度特征以及是否含有子矿物,可将其分为3大类:液相包裹体(Ⅰ)、气相包裹体(Ⅱ)和含子晶多相包裹体(Ⅲ)。成矿早阶段流体包裹体主要为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类包裹体,均一温度集中在260~400℃之间,w(Na Cleq)为2.1%~39.4%;成矿中阶段的流体包裹体主要为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类包裹体,具有典型的沸腾包裹体组合,均一温度集中在280~360℃,w(Na Cleq)为2.2%~37.1%;成矿晚阶段流体包裹体主要为Ⅰ类包裹体,均一温度集中在220~280℃,w(Na Cleq)为3.6%~5.6%,显示包裹体均一温度及盐度呈递减趋势。成矿流体是中高温、中高盐度,且富含成矿元素的Na Cl-H_2O体系流体。矿床形成的压力为(100±10)MPa,形成深度为(3.7±0.4)km。激光拉曼探针分析结果表明,流体包裹体液相成分主要为H_2O,气相成分含有CO_2;子矿物有黄铜矿、磁铁矿、赤铁矿、石膏、黄铁矿、金红石、长石等。成矿早阶段,岩浆房发生流体出溶;成矿中阶段,岩浆流体发生减压沸腾和不混溶作用。综上所述,温度降低、压力减小、pH值的增加以及氧化还原电位的变化是造成拉抗俄矿床成矿元素沉淀的主要因素。     

Albian extrusion evidences of the Triassic salt and clues of the beginning of the Eocene atlasic phase from the example of the Chitana-Ed Djebs structure (N.Tunisia): Implication in the North African Tethyan margin recorded events, comparisons

In the northern part of Tunisia, close to Testour/Slouguia, new observations and updated biostratigraphy make it possible to highlight the relation between the Triassic saliferous mass and the surrounding Mesozoic beds (T. M.). Near the (T. M.) boundary, the formations observed consist dominantly of Triassic evaporites reworked in the Early and Late Albian deep-water sedimentary deposits. Throughout the studied area, Jurassic rocks are absent. We propose to interpret the Chitana-Ed Djebs structure originally emplaced as gravitational stretch masses in a passive margin in the same way as the salt bodies of widespread salt province in the Gulf of Mexico. A reconstructed schematic position of the Chitana-Ed Djebs salt body displays a scenario of setting of the salt mass on a submarine palaeo-slope. Moreover, the starting clues of the paroxysmal event of the Late Mesozoic tectonic inversion clearly fossilized through the discordance of the Middle Eocene–Early Lutetian limestone on the Albian series.     

Statistics of extremes and estimation of extreme rainfall: II. Empirical investigation of long rainfall records / Statistiques de valeurs extrêmes et estimation de précipitations extrêmes: II. Recherche empirique sur de longues séries de précipitations

Abstract

Abstract In the first part of this study, theoretical analyses showed that the Gumbel distribution is quite unlikely to apply to hydrological extremes and that the extreme value distribution of type II (EV2) is a more consistent choice. Based on these theoretical analyses, an extensive empirical investigation is performed using a collection of 169 of the longest available rainfall records worldwide, each having 100–154 years of data. This verifies the theoretical results. In addition, it shows that the shape parameter of the EV2 distribution is constant for all examined geographical zones (Europe and North America), with value κ = 0.15. This simplifies the fitting and the general mathematical handling of the distribution, which become as simple as those of the Gumbel distribution.     

L'accident du Toulourenc : une limite tectonique entre la plate-forme provençale et le Bassin vocontien à l'Aptien–Albien (SE France)

The WNW–ESE trending Toulourenc Fault Zone (TFZ) is the western segment of the major Ventoux–Lure Fault Zone, which separates the Provençal platform from the Baronnies Vocontian Basin. The TFZ was subject to polyphased Mid-Cretaceous movements, during the Early Aptian and Middle–Late Albian times. The latter faulting episode generated conglomerates and olistoliths resulting from dismantled faultscarps cutting Barremian–Bedoulian limestones. The deformation is related to compressional wrench faulting (NE–SW sinistral faults; dextral component for the TFZ). It induced the uplift of the northwestern corner of the platform, as indicated by a mid-Cretaceous hiatus (Early Aptian pro parte to Early Albian) narrowly delimited in space. The opening of submeridian grabens within the platform favoured the northward transit of channelised coarse-grained Albian sands originating from a southern area. To cite this article: C. Montenat et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

Oxydation expérimentale de Fe-tourmalines et corrélation avec une déprotonation des groupes hydroxyleAnnealing in oxidising conditions of Fe-tourmalines and correlated deprotonation of OH groups

Annealing at 400?T?600 °C (40?P?60 MPa and HM buffer-controlled f(O₂)) of tourmalines synthesised at the same T and P with NNO buffer induces an oxidation of Fe²⁺ into Fe³⁺ in some Y sites only (Mössbauer Spectroscopy data). Annealing in the same conditions of natural tourmalines is consistent with these results. FTIR spectroscopy shows that oxidation of Fe²⁺ into Fe³⁺ is charge-balanced by deprotonation of the external OH₍₃₎ groups. To cite this article: Y. Fuchs et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 245–249.