中国半干旱区农田土壤碳、氮、磷含量对玉米生产的影响

中国干旱半干旱区占据陆地大片区域,主体位于内蒙古高原、黄土高原、新疆及青藏高原。半干旱区处于季风和非季风的边缘,降水稀少,生态环境脆弱,对气候变化敏感。探究半干旱区农田生态系统有机碳对作物生产和碳储存的影响机制及固碳潜力,对提高区域作物生产水平和生态安全具有重要意义。本研究区位于中国宁夏南部典型半干旱区,基于2017—2019年主要粮食作物玉米生产对土壤有机碳以及氮磷的响应,运用农田生态系统调查取样的方法,开展耕层土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（STN）、全磷（STP）及碳氮比（C/N）对玉米生产水平及有机碳储存的影响研究,分析农田SOC的合理贮存范围。结果表明：（1）SOC、STN、STP含量对玉米产量影响差异显著。一定阈值内SOC、STN、STP含量及土壤C/N对玉米产量表现出积极的正效应,而当SOC、STN、STP以及C/N分别超出10.00 g·kg^-1、1.00 g·kg^-1、0.85 g·kg^-1、8.50的阈值后,玉米产量的增长出现减缓,甚至下降趋势;（2）研究区域SOC含量从3.00 g·kg^-1增加至13.00 g·kg^-1的阈值,对籽粒有机碳、蛋白质、淀粉、粗脂肪、可溶性糖等含量的提升呈现积极的正效应,分别增长43.47%、77.13%、52.16%、56.92%、116.71%,均呈先快速增长,后逐渐趋于平缓趋势。而SOC对籽粒全氮和全磷呈现倒U型变化趋势。STN、STP对玉米品质的影响相对较弱;（3）研究区作物耕层SOC、STN、STP含量与生态系统固碳潜力具有较强的正相关性,而SOC、STN、STP含量过高,作物固碳潜力基本保持稳定。研究结果较好反映了研究时间段内SOC、STN、STP含量与作物生产水平及提高SOC储存的关系。本研究认为宁夏南部半干旱区,农田SOC、STN、STP、C/N的合理阈值分别为10.00—12.00 g·kg^-1、0.80—1.10 g·kg^-1、0.70—0.85 g·kg^-1、8.00—9.00。     

增殖放流影响下东海北部海域三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)最大可持续产量评估

当渔业资源出现衰退时,加强资源增殖放流以养护渔业资源、提高渔业产量对于渔业资源可持续利用具有重要意义;与此同时,增殖放流的实施会对基于资源开发与管理的评估的结果产生影响。基于2001~2015年间东海北部海域三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)渔业数据,采用增殖剩余产量模型,对东海北部海域三疣梭子蟹的最大可持续产量(MSY)及取得MSY时所需捕捞努力量(E_MSY)和原存生物量(B_MSY)进行了评估,并与传统Schaefer模型评估结果进行了比较。结果表明,当年增殖放流量约在3×10⁶~95×10⁶尾之间时,三疣梭子蟹年产量逐渐增加, MSY在14.2×10⁴ t和14.6×10⁴ t之间, E_MSY基本在15×10⁴吨位左右。增殖放流量增加,其对应的MSY也越高,能承受的E_MSY也越高(从15×10⁴~15.4×10⁴吨位之间),相反B_MSY则减小(从188.4×10⁴ t降至186.6×10⁴ t)。与传统的Schaefer模型评估结果相比,增殖剩余产量模型由于考虑了增殖放流生物量的因素,得到了MSY和E_MSY有所增加,而B_MSY有所下降的结论。研究结果有望为该研究海域三疣梭子蟹可持续地捕捞、放流与管理提供科学依据。     

Intensity of competition for forage between livestock and wild herbivores based on grassland carrying capacity北大核心CSCD

放牧家畜与食草野生动物争草(畜兽冲突)是人兽冲突在草原放牧业中的具体体现,其涉及面广,对牧民生计影响明显。畜兽冲突强度研究对完善野生动物损害补偿制度、促进人与自然和谐共生具有重要意义。论文通过地面调查与模型模拟,考虑草地牧草产量、家畜存栏量和食草野生动物种群数量,提出了放牧家畜与食草野生动物争草冲突强度量化方法,评价了三江源国家公园玛多县牧草地畜兽争草强度。结果表明：(1)据2022年样线调查和随机森林模型估计,玛多县藏野驴(Equus kiang)、藏原羚(Procapra picticaudata)种群密度分别为0.2157头/km2、0.1655只/km2,种群数量分别为5307头、4073只,折合23264羊单位(SU),2018年末各类家畜存栏量34.2万SU,畜兽争草相对强度为1/14.7。(2)玛多县高寒草甸、高寒草原的可食牧草产量分别为118.7 g/m2、88.3 g/m2,可承载密度分别为0.2710 SU/hm2、0.1532 SU/hm2,理论承载力52.85万SU。家畜承载率、食草野生动物承载率、家畜+食草野生动物承载率分别为64.7%、4.4%和69.1%。(3)国家公园内的乡镇,草地承载力盈余,家畜承载率低、野生动物承载率高,但畜兽争草相对强度较大,建议完善移民搬迁、野生动物损害补偿制度,强化国家公园体制建设;国家公园外的乡镇,草地超载严重,家畜承载率高,畜兽争草强度不高,建议减畜增效、绿色发展。     

Incrementalization of a single hardening constitutive model for frictional materials

The governing equations for an elasto‐plastic constitutive model for frictional materials such as soil, rock, and concrete are presented, and the incremental form is indicated in preparation for implementation of the model in a user‐defined module for finite element calculations. This isotropic, work‐hardening and ‐softening model employs a single yield surface, it incorporates non‐associated plastic flow, and its capability of capturing the behaviour of different types of frictional materials under various three‐dimensional conditions has been demonstrated by comparison with measured behaviour, as presented in the literature. The incrementalization procedure is indicated and the resulting equations for the single hardening model are presented together with parameters for a dense sand. Following the implementation of the model, these parameters are used for evaluation of different integration schemes as presented in a companion paper by Jakobsen and Lade (Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. 2002; 26 :661). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

How important is the selection of computational analysis method to the accuracy of rainwater tank behaviour modelling?

As the concept of sustainable urban water management is incorporated into the practice of urban water resource managers, actions, such as the utilization of roof runoff via rainwater tanks, which have multiple benefits, are increasingly being built into urban water systems. Modelling tools are frequently used to predict the yield from rainwater tanks and to estimate the storage capacity required to achieve a given potable supply reduction level, with these estimates used in both urban water resources policy development and engineering design. Therefore, it is important that the accuracy of commonly used models is understood. This paper investigates the impact of computational time step, computational operating rule, initial storage level, and the length of simulation period on the accuracy of the storage–yield–reliability relationship calculated using a simple rainwater tank behaviour model. Four time steps (ranging from 6 min to 24 h), two operational rules (supply before spillage and supply after spillage), two initial storage level states (empty and full), and three simulation periods (50 years, 10 years and 1 year) were applied to a wide range of rainwater tank system configurations and three different locations in Australia. It was found that the supply‐after‐spillage computational operating rule is preferable, while the ratio of the average demand volume in a single computational time step divided by the storage capacity (ΔD/S) can be used to assess whether a given combination of demand, storage, inflow, and computational time step will provide long‐term yield estimates that are within ± 5% of the values produced by a simulation that used a 50‐year time series of climate, 6‐min time step, and a supply‐after‐spillage operational rule (50‐6‐YAS). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of runoff and sediment yield from a small watershed in sub‐humid subtropics using the HSPF model

The Hydrologic Simulation Programme‐Fortran (HSPF), a hydrologic and water quality computer model, was employed for simulating runoff and sediment yield during the monsoon months (June–October) from a small watershed situated in a sub‐humid subtropical region of India. The model was calibrated using measured runoff and sediment yield data for the monsoon months of 1996 and was validated for the monsoon months of 2000 and 2001. During the calibration period, daily‐calibrated runoff had a Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (E_NS) value of 0·68 and during the validation period it ranged from 0·44 to 0·67. For daily sediment yield E_NS was 0·71 for the calibration period and it ranged from 0·68 to 0·90 for the validation period. Sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the impact of important watershed characteristics. The model parameters obtained in this study could serve as reference values for model application in similar climatic regions, with practical implications in watershed planning and management and designing best management practices. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of climate on grain yield per unit area in China during the years of 1949–1992

The grain yield per unit area in China has been increasing from 1949 to 1992 with annual fluctuations, which was caused by both policies and monsoon climate. The total grain yield is divided into trend yield, which reflects the influence of economic factors, and climate yield, which reflects the impact of climate factors. The results of grain and climate yield by EOF (empirical orthogonal function) method show that the grain yield in the eastern China is higher and more fluctuating than that in the western region. The spatial and temporal distributions of climate yield were divided into four patterns. Regional unanimity of climate-yield variation is the first and main spatial pattern, and then there are the spatial patterns of north-south difference and east-west difference in some years. Generally, climate conditions are good for grain yield during the 1950s and 1980s all over the country. Supported by the National Natural Science Fundation of China.     

基于多方法融合的低产低效气井优选

随着致密气田的深入开发,低产低效井逐年增加,已经成为制约气田开发的关键问题之一。以苏里格气田某区块30口气井为研究对象,引入产量贡献率作为动态分类指标,运用气井产量贡献率累计分布曲线的类分割点将气井划分为4类。以纵向合采砂体数、有效砂体厚度、孔隙度、渗透率和含气饱和度等参数作为静态评价指标,采用熵权-理想点法,对气井进行静态分类。基于动态和静态分类结果,引入自相关距离判断异常值点,进行低产低效气井优选。研究表明,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类气井的储层质量依次变差,累计产量依次减小;4口气井为低产低效井,优选结果符合生产实际。该研究成果可为气田进一步挖潜的选井、选层提供一种新的技术途径。     

Geoinformatics based approach for estimating the sediment yield of the mountainous watersheds in Kashmir Himalaya,India

Sedimentation of water bodies is governed by the erosional processes occurring at the watershed level. In this research, a method is proposed for assessing the sediment yield of the mountainous watersheds surrounding the Wular lake in Kashmir Himalaya, using geoinformatics and geostatistics. This method is empirical and semi-quantitative in approach and takes into account the weightage-based influence of the parameters governing the watershed sediment yield. The results of this study reveal that out of the six surrounding watersheds of the Wular Lake, Madhumati watershed with the highest sediment yield index, SYI (39.78) drains maximum sediments into the Lake followed by Arin (39.27), Ferozpur (34.30), Wular II (32.53), Wular I (24.65) and Gundar (23.43) in the event of a same intensity storm. The proposed method is reasonably a better approach in the data-scarce Himalayan region and shall be a useful tool for watershed management in other regions with similar geographic setting.