基于压力拱理论的水下隧道合理覆岩厚度研究

建立了水下隧道流固耦合数值模型,通过正交试验优化计算方案,分析土岩复合地层和全断面岩层拱顶竖直方向上围岩压力拱的成拱规律,并据此提出以成拱临界板厚为判据求解水下隧道合理覆岩厚度的思路,建立水下隧道合理覆岩厚度回归模型,并通过BP神经网络模型对回归模型进行评价与校验,结合佛莞城际狮子洋隧道工程,进行了合理覆岩厚度回归模型的应用算例分析。研究表明：土岩复合地层上覆岩层岩性较好时,压力拱高度主要受覆岩厚度影响,上覆岩层岩性较差时,压力拱高度主要受上覆软土厚度影响;压力拱高度随覆岩厚度增加线性增加,达到成拱临界板厚时,逐渐减小随后趋于稳定,上覆岩层岩性越差,成拱临界板厚越大;全断面岩层压力拱高度随覆岩厚度的变化比土岩复合地层平稳。算例分析表明,以成拱临界板厚为判据建立的合理覆岩厚度模型能给出较优的覆岩厚度预测值,可为土岩复合地层水下盾构隧道的设计和施工提供参考。     

考虑基桩嵌岩段侧阻的岩溶区顶板安全厚度计算

为考虑岩溶区基桩嵌岩段侧阻力的影响,提出了一组确定岩溶区桩端顶板安全厚度的计算方法。考虑顶板的整体承载效应,结合弹性力学及第一强度理论,得到了顶板抗弯安全厚度计算式;考虑嵌岩段桩侧摩阻力对桩顶荷载的分担作用,结合格里菲斯判据及摩尔判据,获得了顶板抗冲切和剪切的安全厚度计算公式,进而运用ABAQUS建立了岩溶顶板与基桩整体分析计算模型,有限元计算结果与理论计算值吻合良好。结合工程实例重点分析了顶板厚跨比对抗弯安全厚度的影响,顶板岩层厚度对抗冲切、剪切安全厚度的影响以及嵌岩段侧摩阻力系数?对顶板安全厚度计算的影响。     

深层碳酸盐岩储层溶洞围岩应力分布研究

以冀中凹陷任北奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层为例,基于油田测井资料及岩石力学实验确定了研究区岩石力学参数,对目标储层典型的长椭圆形孤立落水溶洞围岩应力进行了数值模拟,并根据第三强度理论研究了围岩破坏情况。研究结果表明,（1）溶洞在上覆岩层压力和侧向压力的共同作用下,长椭圆形溶洞围岩的应力集中效应带为9倍的半径范围;（2）长椭圆形溶洞围岩应力以压应力为主,主要集中分布在洞顶和洞底;（3）溶洞填充性对其围岩主应力差及破坏范围影响很大。当填充压力小于0.1 MPa时,溶洞围岩主应力差及破坏区域范围随填充压力的增大而增大;而当填充压力大于0.1 MPa时,溶洞围岩主应力差及破坏区域范围随填充压力的增大均呈减小的趋势。      

川西北地区中三叠统顶部溶蚀型喀斯特特征及地质意义*

中三叠统顶部溶蚀型喀斯特在什邡金河剖面及四川盆地大部分地区已有报道。在近期的野外工作中,在川西北地区绵竹汉旺观音崖、江油黄莲桥和江油马鞍塘剖面天井山组近顶部、顶部也识别出这一古特提斯面,其形成与强烈的构造活动或全球海平面下降造成的岩层长时间的暴露有关。其表现形式主要为: (1)暴露溶蚀间断沉积面;(2)溶沟、溶缝及其内的碳酸盐、陆源碎屑充填物;(3)暴露期黏土层;(4)喀斯特角砾。其中暴露溶蚀间断沉积面上的沉积构造以鸟眼、层状孔洞构造最为典型,在绵竹汉旺观音崖剖面最为发育,孔、洞充填物主要为亮晶方解石和白云石;溶沟、溶缝及其内的碳酸盐、陆源碎屑充填物在江油马鞍塘、汉旺观音崖、什邡金河等剖面均有发育,这些溶缝、溶沟一般近于竖直发育,宽度及深度不一,被碳酸盐角砾、亮晶方解石、白云石或陆源黏土等所充填;暴露期黏土层主要见于江油黄莲桥剖面,共发育2套,厚5~20 cm,与铁质矿物共生,其上下发育深灰色潟湖沉积;喀斯特角砾主要见于汉旺观音崖剖面,喀斯特角砾最大可达15×20 cm大小,呈棱角状充填于富含泥质和有机质的暗色碳酸盐基质中。天井山组近顶部溶蚀型喀斯特的发现可为区域地层等时对比提供依据,与其有关的古岩溶作用可在天井山组(或雷口坡组)顶部碳酸盐岩中形成以溶蚀孔、洞、缝为主要储集空间的古岩溶型储集层。     

渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷西南环古生界沉积微相及其对岩溶储集层的控制作用*

渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷西南环古生界深埋碳酸盐岩潜山天然气获得重大突破,钻井资料揭示该地区碳酸盐岩岩溶储集层具有很强的非均质性。由于沉积相是岩溶储集层发育的主控因素之一,因此文中根据岩心和薄片资料、测井相、微量元素和古生物特征等多种手段综合分析沉积相特征。结果表明,研究区现存奥陶系纵向上表现为1个较为完整的海退— 海进序列,主要发育开阔台地和局限台地2种沉积亚相,并可进一步划分为台内滩、滩间、潮下带和潮间带4种沉积微相。台内滩和潮下带微相横向分布连续稳定,水动力条件强,形成的储集层早期溶孔发育,且这2种沉积环境里发育的碳酸盐岩较纯净,经后期风化淋滤形成的岩溶储集层厚度大、质量好,因此是有利的岩溶储集层发育相带。该研究明确了研究区台内滩及潮下带的发育特征,对下一步油气勘探具有一定的指导意义。     

Heterogeneous distributions of CO2 may be more important for dissolution and karstification in coastal eogenetic limestone than mixing dissolution

Mixing dissolution, a process whereby mixtures of two waters with different chemical compositions drive undersaturation with respect to carbonate minerals, is commonly considered to form cavernous macroporosity (e.g. flank margin caves and banana holes) in eogenetic karst aquifers. On small islands, macroporosity commonly originates when focused dissolution forms globular chambers lacking entrances to the surface, suggesting that dissolution processes are decoupled from surface hydrology. Mixing dissolution has been thought to be the primary dissolution process because meteoric water would equilibrate rapidly with calcium carbonate as it infiltrates through matrix porosity and because pCO₂ was assumed to be homogeneously distributed within the phreatic zone. Here, we report data from two abandoned well fields in an eogenetic karst aquifer on San Salvador Island, Bahamas, that demonstrate pCO₂ in the phreatic zone is distributed heterogeneously. The pCO₂ varied from less than log ?2.0 to more than log ?1.0 atm over distances of less than 30 m, generating dissolution in the subsurface where water flows from regions of low to high pCO₂ and cementation where water flows from regions of high to low pCO_2. Using simple geochemical models, we show dissolution caused by heterogeneously distributed pCO₂ can dissolve 2.5 to 10 times more calcite than the maximum amount possible by mixing of freshwater and seawater. Dissolution resulting from spatial variability in pCO₂ forms isolated, globular chambers lacking initial entrances to the surface, a morphology that is characteristic of flank margin caves and banana holes, both of which have entrances that form by erosion or collapse after cave formation. Our results indicate that heterogeneous pCO₂, rather than mixing dissolution, may be the dominant mechanism for observed spatial distribution of dissolution, cementation and macroporosity generation in eogenetic karst aquifers and for landscape development in these settings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of catchment properties on runoff coefficient in a karst area of southwest China

Frequent human activities and climate change in the karst region of southwest China since the 1950s have led to the investigation of response of runoff to climate and catchment properties. Runoff coefficient (Rc) as an expression variable of the catchment response to rainfall is important to describe runoff dynamics and to estimate available streamflow for utilization. In this study, the equations of Rc associated with its attributors of climate condition and catchment property were derived using the Budyko framework. The equations were used to estimate relationship between the Rc and the attributors in the karst catchments in Guizhou province of southwest China. Analysis in the selected 23 karst catchments demonstrates that the spatial distribution of Rc is dominated by the catchment properties, such as the catchment properties of geology, slope and land use and land cover, rather than climate condition of drought index. Correlation analysis indicates that the catchment with a large slope usually has a high value of Rc, and a large proportion of carbonate rock in a catchment reduces Rc in the study area. Temporal increasing trend of Rc during 1961–2000 was found for most catchments in the study area. This increasing trend was primarily resulted from changes of catchment properties, e.g. deforestation in large areas of Guizhou province during the 1950s–1980s. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SIRT法层析成像在某核电站岩溶区的应用

本文阐述了联合迭代法的基本原理,通过4种典型速度模型的数值模拟实验,验证该方法的有效性。以最短路径法做正演,联合迭代法做反演对某核电站岩溶区的井间声波CT探测资料进行成像,最后给出溶洞可能存在的位置。     

WEPP模型(坡面版)在贵州石漠化地区土壤侵蚀模拟的适用性评价

文章以贵州花江喀斯特石漠化地区为研究区域,利用WEPP模型(坡面版)分别模拟2006年、2010年土壤侵蚀模数,并将实测数据与WEPP模型模拟值作比较,探讨WEPP软件在喀斯特石漠化地区的适用性。研究表明:WEPP模型对于模拟喀斯特石漠化地区土壤侵蚀有较大误差,对土壤侵蚀模数模拟的有效性系数均为负值,不适用于直接计算该区域土壤侵蚀模数。WEPP模型对微度侵蚀模拟精度不够,但能大体反映不同径流小区之间土壤侵蚀强弱的关系和生态修复过程土壤侵蚀的变化趋势。若要应用WEPP模型对喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀模数模拟计算,必须考虑水土的地下漏失、地表裸岩率、地形高度破碎等环境条件。裸岩率、土壤漏失、地形条件等都是WEPP模型修正所必须注意的内容。      

山东省泰安市城区-旧县岩溶水系统地下水资源潜力评价

山东省泰安市城区-旧县岩溶水系统位于山东省中部的泰山南麓,为单斜构造式岩溶含水系统,由城区和旧县两个水源地组成,地势总体北高南低,面积约112 km2。含水系统内地层以新生界第四系和古生界寒武、奥陶系为主,此外,在南部和北部分布有较大面积的太古界泰山岩群火成岩。本区在构造单元上属鲁西台背斜的一部分,泰莱断陷盆地之西半部。区内断裂构造发育,主要有NE向的泰山断裂、徂徕山断裂及结庄断裂,NW向的洪沟断裂、滂河断裂、岱道庵断裂。含水系统包括第四系松散岩类孔隙含水岩组和寒武-奥陶系碳酸盐岩类裂隙岩溶含水岩组,地下水动态受降水及人工开采影响明显。截止2012年底,地下水日均开采量为5.2万m3,接近系统允许开采量5.79万m3,处于采补平衡状态。本文在充分利用前人研究资料的基础上,通过对牟汶河修建拦河坝,河水位抬高引起的岩溶水补给条件变化的研究,确定该含水系统尚具有开采潜力,其潜力主要来源于地表水入渗补给。通过研究计算,目前该含水系统还具有约2万m3/d的开采潜力。