Drying increases organic colloidal mobilization in the karst vadose zone: Evidence from a 15-year cave-monitoring study

Understanding the hydrological processes of colloids within the karst vadose zone is vital to the security of karst groundwater and providing appropriate paleohydrological explanations of colloid-facilitated metals in speleothem. This study addresses the mobilization mechanisms driving colloidal organic matter (COM) transport in the karst vadose zone using a 15-year long monthly monitoring dataset from a cave drip point (HS4) in Heshang Cave, Qingjiang Valley, China. Variations in COM concentrations were reported as the fluorescence difference values of raw and filtered (<0.22 μm) samples at an excitation wavelength of 320 nm and emission wavelength of ~400 nm. A fluorescence humification index (HIX) lower than 0.8 and an autochthonous index (BIX) higher than 1.2 indicated that the origin of COM was mainly from the karst vadose zone, rather than the soil zone. The COM concentration varied from 0.001 to 0.038 Raman Unit (RU), with evident seasonal fluctuations. Rising limbs for COM values occurred prior to rising limbs within a dripwater hydrograph; moreover, the COM peak values corresponding to the beginning of the increasing hydrograph generally suggested that the mobilization of COM reflected the movement of the air–water interface (AWI) in the karst vadose zone rather than rainfall intensity or flow velocity. COM peak values were positively correlated with the antecedent drying duration and negatively correlated with HIX values. These phenomena may be explained by the increased amount of organic matter that was aggregated and absorbed on the surface of carbonate in the karst vadose zone during a longer drying duration. Moreover, the longer drying duration was also beneficial to autochthonous biological activity, which subsequently decreased the HIX value of the organic matter in the karst vadose zone. The movement of AWI and the drying duration are both controlled by the outside weather conditions. This study is therefore conducive to evaluating the security of karst groundwater in response to climate change, and challenges prevailing paleoclimate interpretations of colloid-facilitated metal abundance timeseries reported from speleothems.     

Insights into agricultural influences and weathering processes from major ion patterns

Karst areas and their catchments pose a great challenge for protection because fast conduit flow results in low natural attenuation of anthropogenic contaminants. Studies of the hydrochemistry of karst sources and river solutes are an important tool for securing and managing water resources. A study of the geochemical downriver evolution of the Wiesent River and its tributaries, located in a typical karst terrain, revealed unexpected downstream decreases of nitrate with maximum mean values of 30 mg/L at the source to minimum values of 18 mg/L near the river mouth. This trend persisted over the length of the river even though increased agricultural activities are evident in the downstream section of the catchment. This pattern is caused by fertilizer inputs via diffusive and fast conduits flow from karst lithology in the upstream area that may have reached the river's source even from beyond the hydrological catchment boundaries. Further downstream, these influences became diluted by tributary inputs that drain subcatchments dominated by claystone and sandstone lithologies that increased potassium and sulphate concentrations. Our findings indicate that bedrock geology remains the dominant control on the major ion chemistry of the Wiesent River and that agricultural influences are strongest near the headwaters despite increased land use further downstream, due to long‐term storage and accumulation in karst aquifers. This feature may not be unique to the Wiesent River system, as carbonates cover significant portions of the Earth's surface and subsequent work in other river systems could establish whether such patterns are ubiquitous worldwide.     

Hydrological regulation of chemical weathering and dissolved inorganic carbon biogeochemical processes in a monsoonal river

To better understand the mechanisms relating to hydrological regulations of chemical weathering processes and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) behaviours, high-frequency sampling campaigns and associated analyses were conducted in the Yu River, South China. Hydrological variability modifies the biogeochemical processes of dissolved solutes, so major ions display different behaviours in response to discharge change. Most ions become diluted with increasing discharge because of the shortened reactive time between rock and water under high-flow conditions. Carbonate weathering is the main source of major ions, which shows strong chemostatic behaviour in response to changes in discharge. Ions from silicate weathering exhibit a significant dilution effect relative to the carbonate-sourced ions. Under high temperatures, the increased soil CO₂ influx from the mineralisation of organic material shifts the negative carbon isotope ratios of DIC (δ¹³C_DIC) during the high-flow season. The δ¹³C_DIC values show a higher sensitivity than DIC contents in response to various hydrological conditions. Results from a modified isotope-mixing model (IsoSource) demonstrate that biological carbon is a dominant source of DIC and plays an important role in temporal carbon dynamics. Furthermore, this study provides insights into chemical weathering processes and carbon dynamics, highlighting the significant influence of hydrological variability to aid understanding of the global carbon cycle.     

贵州洞穴空间格局及影响因素分析

以贵州水文地质图和地形图为基础,利用ArcGIS对境内近5000个洞穴洞口海拔、经纬度提取及所在地层、岩性、水系、构造划分,并运用最邻近指数、空间分析与耦合分析处理,研究了贵州全省4960个洞穴的分布特征,探讨了洞穴空间格局与地理要素之间的关系。通过对贵州洞穴进行点格局分析,得出最近邻指数为0.53,泰森多边形检验其变异系数达72.469%,符合凝聚分布模式;并采用点密度函数将全省洞穴划分为4个集聚区和1个弱影响区,即遵义—铜仁强影响区、毕节强影响区、黔西南—六盘水强影响区、贵阳—安顺—黔南强影响区和黔东南弱影响区。其中贵阳—安顺—黔南强影响区是洞穴最主要的分布区,占全省洞穴总量的36.63%,该影响区面积占全省面积的24.67%。贵州洞穴分布呈西密东疏的分布特征,形成明显的“片状”格局。在其研究背景下,地层、岩性、构造、气候、水文、海拔等因素主要制约洞穴的分布、数量、空间格局及其发育。     

高精度遥感三维可视化在岩溶地区工程初勘调查中的应用——以云南小哨机场为例

本文对高精度卫星遥感图像(QucikBird)进行了图像预处理,图像融合,正射校正,并基于12∶000地形图上构建了DEM。在Erdas软件支持下,实现了遥感影像三维可视化。同时,针对岩溶地区工程初勘需要,应用ArcGIS实现了工程量计算、机场净空分析、岩溶漏斗信息自动提取、漏斗形态显示、地下溶洞网分析等,这为机场的进一步勘查提供了准确可靠的地质灾害信息,可为指导工程设计与施工提供参考。     

井温资料在岩溶水勘探中的应用

介绍了在山西碳酸盐地层供水勘探中.如何利用井温测量资料,研究井温梯度的变化规律、确定含水层地段和位置、分析地下水的流动趋势以及估计钻孔岩溶富水性的强弱。      

高分辨率三极断面测深技术在采石场勘查中的应用

介绍了高分辨三极断面测深技术在采石场勘查中的应用,钻探验证结果表明,该方法能够准确圈定采石场灰岩岩溶等地质异常体,可为开采石料提供必要的地质资料。      

Some Investigations on Early Organization of Karst System

Karstsystemsaredynamicsystemsinspontaneoussuc-cessiveevolutionarisenfromtheinteractionbetweenwaterflowandsolub1emedium-Thecircu1ationofwaterprogres-sivelyandcontinuouslymodifiesthestructureofmediumfield,consequentlymodifyingthehydraulicbehaviorofthesystemitself'Someauthors(e.g.,FordandWilliams,l989)believedthatmostcarbonaterockswillbecomeconduitaquifersifsurficialerosionisnegligibleorsufficienttimeisgiven.Karstsystemsfailtodevelopconnectedconduiteitherduetoincompleteextension(becauseinsuffici…     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘奥陶系马家沟组四段豹斑状云质灰岩特征及成因: 以关家崖剖面为例*

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘中奥陶统马家沟组发育豹斑状云质灰岩,因其分布广泛、成因复杂以及具有重要的油气储集意义而长期受到关注。文中以山西省兴县关家崖剖面马家沟组四段顶部为例,依据宏观、微观岩石学特征,结合碳氧稳定同位素、原位激光剥蚀的微量稀土元素等地球化学分析手段,分析了豹斑状云质灰岩的特征及其成因。研究表明,豹斑状云质灰岩的特征为: (1)常发育于(含颗粒)泥晶灰岩中,且向上白云石化程度增强,云质斑块内常伴有针状或板条状石膏假晶;(2)按产状可大致分为水平、斜交和不规则花斑3种类型,分别对应于向上变浅序列的下部、中部和上部,序列顶部多见近原地角砾化;(3)基质灰岩与云质斑块的δ¹³C、δ¹⁸O值较同期海水略显负偏,顶部不规则云质斑块负偏程度最大;(4)“豹斑”与基质灰岩均具有较低的Mn、Sr、Ba等含量和低Mn/Sr值;(5)“豹斑”的ΣREE含量较基质灰岩略低,且皆表现为轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的稀土配分模式,δCe微弱负异常,δEu无异常。依据上述结果,推测关家崖剖面马四段豹斑状云质灰岩产状受到生物扰动和高频海平面驱动的早成岩期岩溶耦合控制,序列由下至上耦合改造由弱变强,形成下—中部以岩溶影响较小的水平和斜交虫迹为特征、上部叠合岩溶强改造形成不规则花斑的垂向序列组合;早成岩期的暴露岩溶不仅叠合改造生物潜穴,而且蒸发浓缩的有限重卤水沿叠合优势通道优先交代孔渗条件更好的区域,至埋藏时期白云石化作用进一步加强,从而形成了区内类型多样的豹斑状云质灰岩。研究结果还揭示出沉积期微地貌控制的早成岩期岩溶作用是马四段这类特殊的豹斑状云质灰岩或豹斑状云岩储集层形成的关键,且在很大程度上控制了这类储集层的分布,这一认识可为高频暴露驱动的早成岩期岩溶研究提供新的材料。     

济南泉域岩溶地下水三维等参有限元数值模拟

基于济南泉群研究区域岩溶水贮存和运动特征,建立了三维有限元数学模型,并利用等参有限元方法求解,再根据2001年、2002年的水文资料,识别模型参数,进一步对济南泉域内岩溶地下水的开采方案进行评价,探讨了济南市“保泉”与“供水”的可行性,为科学管理济南市泉群区域内地下水资源提供依据。