黄土区林草植被与降水对坡面径流和侵蚀产沙的影响

在一定地形地貌基础上,林草植被与降水是决定坡面产流产沙量的主要因素,而这些因素各因子之间合作用于坡地产流产沙,增加了影响机制的复杂性。为深入分析降水因子与林分结构因子对坡地降雨产流产沙的影响,为黄土区植被建设提供理论依据,对蔡家川流域典型样地的实验资料进行分析。结果表明,刺槐和油松林场降雨产流、产沙量与降雨量和降雨强度有较好相关性,但相关性随着林分郁闭度的增大而减小;当油松林林分郁闭度<0.6时,产流、产沙量与I30的相关性要更显著于与I10的相关性,而林分郁闭度在0.6以上时,则相反。在林分结构因子对坡面产流产沙的影响中,当林分覆盖度>40%时,林分减水减沙效益显著。林地枯落物和草本植物通过截持降水、增加地表糙率来削减坡面产流产沙量,刺槐和油松林地的枯落物年截流量占降雨总量的13.5%~22%。刺槐和油松林的稳渗速率随林分密度的增加而增大,但不与密度的增加幅度成正比,当刺槐、油松林的密度超过3 000株/hm2时,稳渗速率增加缓慢,从防蚀角度考虑,可将其作为林分密度的上限。在林分生物量>14.51 t/hm2时,植被具有极好的防护功能。通过对影响坡面产流产沙的影响因子的灰色关联分析,林分郁闭度和草本、枯落物生物量对坡面产流产沙影响显著,关联度值均>0.6。     

1990-2010年中国耕地变化对粮食生产潜力的影响

1990年以来,在国家生态环境保护工程实施、经济快速增长等因素的影响下,中国耕地数量与空间格局发生了巨大变化,对粮食生产潜力造成了巨大影响。本文采用GAEZ模型,结合中国气象、地形、土壤等因素,定量分析了中国耕地粮食生产潜力空间特征以及1990-2010年中国耕地变化对粮食生产潜力的影响。主要结论如下：① 2010年全国耕地粮食生产潜力总量为10.55亿t,全国耕地平均粮食生产潜力为7614 kg/hm²。中国耕地粮食生产潜力存在显著的空间差异,总体表现为东部高而西北部较低的趋势,并且高值区主要分布在长江中下游地区和华南区。② 1990-2010年的20年间,中国耕地粮食生产潜力变化表现出明显的时空差异,总体呈现南减北增、总量减少的基本特征。新增耕地粮食生产潜力的重心逐步由东北向西北转移。耕地粮食生产潜力总量净减少297万t,占2010年全国实际粮食总产量的0.29%。③ 在1990-2000年与2000-2010年两个时期,耕地变化对耕地粮食生产潜力影响差异明显。前10年,耕地粮食生产潜力总量净增加1011万t,主要集中在东北平原区和北方干旱半干旱区;后10年,耕地粮食生产潜力总量净减少1308万t,主要集中在长江中下游地区和黄淮海平原区。从总体看,近20年来耕地粮食生产潜力总量增加主要是由林、草地和未利用土地开垦所导致,而耕地粮食生产潜力总量减少主要是由城市扩展和退耕还林还草所导致。     

察尔汗盐湖盐田生产现状及改进措施

从盐田蒸发结晶机理出发 ,分析了盐田生产的影响因素 ,概述了察尔汗盐湖盐田系统生产现状及工艺技术、管理中存在的问题 ,提出了改善盐田生产系统的措施和优化方法 ,并与国外同类型卤水盐田滩晒指标进行了对比。结论认为 ,通过转变观念 ,提高科学管理水平 ,及时对各方面进行“调整”,应用系统论 ,保证钠盐池与光卤石池物料平衡、面积比例最优 ,并使调节池富有弹性 ,是察尔汗盐湖所有钾肥企业实现盐田系统乃至钾肥生产系统优质、稳产、高产的一项长期的战略方针     

昭平县茶叶生产的气候优势及生产对策

根据茶叶生长发育对气候条件的要求,分析昭平县发展茶叶生产的气候优势,并提出发展茶叶生产的对策。     

Chlorophyll a and primary production in the northeastern Pacific Ocean

The primary production and chlorophyll a concentration of picoplankton （0.2 - 2 μm） , nanoplankton （2 - 20μm） and micro- plankton （20 -200 μm） are described in the northeastern Pacific Ocean near the Hawaii Islands during the six survey cruises from 1996 to 2003：DY85-4, DY95-7, DY95-8, DY95-10, DY105-11 and DY105-12.14. The primary production of carbon was in range from 76.8 to 191.9 mg/（m^2 · d） with an average of 116.1 mg/（ m^2 · d） in the east region, and from 73.1 to 222.5 mg/（ m^2 · d） with an average of 127.1 mg/（ m^2 · d） in the west region, similar to the other oligotrophic regions of the Pacific Ocean investigated. The chlorophyll a concentration was about 0.1 mg/m^3 from the surface to the 50 m depth, about 0.2 -0.4 mg/m^3from 50 to 100 m, and gradually decreased below the 100 m depth. The picoplankton accounted for more than 70% of the total chlorophyll a in the upper layer （ surface to 125 m）, but it decreased to less than 50% in depth below 125 m. The nanoplankton and microplankton combined only accounted for less than 30% of the total chlorophyll a in the upper layer, but showed a more even vertical distribution.     

Testing the maximum entropy production approach for estimating evapotranspiration from closed canopy shrubland in a low‐energy humid environment

Quantifying and partitioning evapotranspiration (ET) into evaporation and transpiration is challenging but important for interpreting vegetation effects on the water balance. We applied a model based on the theory of maximum entropy production to estimate ET for shrubs for the first time in a low‐energy humid headwater catchment in the Scottish Highlands. In total, 53% of rainfall over the growing season was returned to the atmosphere through ET (59 ± 2% as transpiration), with 22% of rainfall ascribed to interception loss and understory ET. The remainder of rainfall percolated below the rooting zone. The maximum entropy production model showed good capability for total ET estimation, in addition to providing a first approximation for distinguishing evaporation and transpiration in such ecosystems. This study shows that this simple and low‐cost approach has potential for local to regional ET estimation with availability of high‐resolution hydroclimatic data. Limitations of the approach are also discussed.     

细基江蓠浅海浮筏式一年两茬栽培试验

作者在同一海区进行了一年两茬的细基江蓠浅海浮筏式夹苗栽培,使每亩栽培面积的年产量达309公斤干品,并探讨了一年多茬栽培的技术问题,指出了浅海浮筏式夹苗栽培江蓠的途径。     

The effects of tropical storm Dennis on coastal phytoplankton

The effects of tropical storm Dennis were documented in the coastal waters of South Carolina during August 1981. Phytoplankton photosynthesis vs. irradiance curves showed initial depression of the parameter a followed by three- to five-fold increase of both a and the asymptotic maximum rate of photosynthesis P_m^B. Productivity rates were depressed in most samples immediately after the storm. Surface samples at the inshore stations were around 50 mg C m^?3 h^?1 at saturating light intensities, while the offshore station rates were around 10 mg C m^?3 h^?1. After a 10-day lag these rates had increased to about 200 mg C m^?3 h^?1 inshore and 75 mg C m^?3 h^?1 offshore. These changes are thought to be primarily caused by changes in species composition. Some of the dominant diatom species changed and dinoflagellate species were introduced. No significant changes in nutrient concentrations were observed. Transient depressions of water temperature, salinity and light intensity may have contributed to the observed changes.     

'Just‐in‐time’ in Australia: a review

Just‐in‐time (JIT) became a widely used phrase in the 1980s but the ideas underlying it have received little attention from Australian geographers. It is often perceived as simply a system of increasing the efficiency of factories whereas, in reality, it involves changes to systems of firms across a broad range of sectors. This paper explains the meaning of JIT, reviews the literature on this topic in Australia, and suggests that it may return some cohesion to the study of ‘economic geography’ and provide a catalyst for resolving the growing tensions between time and place.