Lichenometric dating of debris-flow deposits on alpine colluvial fans in Southwest Norway

Lichenometry provides a suitable means of dating recent debris-flow activity on alpine colluvial fans. Existing growth curves can be used, provided that anomalous thalli are excluded and allowances are made for differences in the growth rates of Rhizocarpon alpieola and Rhizocarpon section Rhizocarpon thalli. The distribution of flow deposits through time is non-random and two periods of increased activity (1670-1720 AD and 1790-1860 AD) can be identified. There is no evidence for a large increase in debris-flow activity in the late 19th century, as has been found in Scotland. This can be attributed to the absence of detrimental landuse practices in the Norwegian study areas.     

Recent colluvial sedimentation in Jordan: fans evolving into sand ramps

Abstract High‐angle accumulations of sand and escarpment‐derived gravel along the outcrop walls of Plio‐Pleistocene sandstones, eastern Jordan, form small, coalesced colluvial fans, built by rockfalls, rockfall‐derived debris flows, dry sandfalls and sandy grainflows. These deposits are sourced through wind erosion of fault‐controlled outcrops of weakly cemented sandstone and a hard, gypsum‐cemented sandstone and fine conglomerate caprock exposed in sandpits. Eroded sediment is supplied to the fans directly as rockfalls and sandfalls, and indirectly as gully‐confined sandy grainflows. The preserved colluvium fans comprise sandy, matrix‐rich rockfall, rockfall‐derived, dry debris‐flow lenticular gravel deposits and minor lenticular sandy grainflow deposits. The fans develop initially against the footwall escarpment and, as erosion continues, the outcrop and the fans become covered by stable sand sheet ramps in a self‐regulatory geomorphic system. Preserved fan–sand ramp systems in eastern Jordan are characterized by a threefold hierarchy of genetically related bounding surfaces, which develop over short time scales. Rapid fault‐controlled uplift and/or rapid stream incision may produce non‐equilibrium scarp faces, identical to those in the sandpits, associated with the colluvial fan–sand ramp systems. Thus, such systems have the potential to identify fault‐related unconformities, rapid uplift events and episodes of rapid downcutting in the rock record. Colluvium deposits have good preservation potential, but are often associated with complex, coarse, basin‐margin facies, and are thus difficult to identify in the stratigraphic record; a problem exacerbated by the lack of adequate colluvium facies models and diagnostic sedimentary criteria.     

滇西北地区第三纪的逆冲－推覆构造

滇西北地区始新－渐新世的逆冲断裂系走向南北，向西倾，向东变晚，受新特提斯闭合和碰憧控制；中新世晚期－上新世早期的逆冲断裂系走向东西，朝北倾，与青藏高原的隆升有关，见于高原边缘。它们构成前导叠瓦扇，局部有反冲现象，以推覆距离小、影响深度浅为特征，控制了磨拉石盆地、浅成斑岩和膏盐底辟体的发育，在其西和其北分别发育与之对称的逆冲断裂系，构成科伯构造。     

Coupling within Fluvial Geomorphic Systems:Spatial and Temporal Implications

INTRODUCTIONHow fluvial systems respond to environmental changedepends on how rapidly the effects of changes in sediment loadsupplied from upstream or changes in base level affectingdownstream zones are propagated through the system.Thisproperty has been defined as the coupling of the system(Harvey,2 0 0 0 a,1997a;Brunsden,1993;Brunsden andThornes,1979) .Coupling therefore relates to connectivity between thedifferent zones of the fluvial system,defined by Schumm(1977) as source areas,tra…     

基于抖音粉丝量的中国城市网络关注度空间差异及其影响因素

基于抖音粉丝量数据,运用位序-规模法则、核密度估计、领域划分与模式组合等方法,对中国城市网络关注的空间差异进行分析,并对比了其与传统百度指数的差异。研究发现：① 关注度排名靠前的城市分别是北京、上海、广州、深圳、成都、杭州、重庆、西安、天津、南京等,并形成了长三角、珠三角、京津三大核心集聚区,反映出核心经济发展区的网络优势度。而中西部地区城市的关注度普遍不高,仅在成渝、中原、长江中游等地区形成微弱的集聚中心。② 从位序-规模法则看,拟合曲线偏离理想状态且q值大于1.3,反映出高关注城市在空间上的强影响作用并表现出一定的网络空间集聚效应。从四大分区看,东北和西部地区与整体类似,东部地区的高等级集聚效应进一步强化,而中部则较符合理想形态。③ 从领域划分与地域模式看,北京、上海、广州等高关注城市的核心领域是探店、旅游、美食、街拍、同城,方言、旅游类话题亦有较大的关注。中西部地区核心城市除了在特色美食、探店、街拍与东部地区有些类似外,还表现出房产、地铁等方面的特色,从侧面反映出该区域在城镇化建设、产业转型等方面面临的一些现实问题。从地域模式看,长三角属于多中心网络化,京津冀、珠三角、成渝、长江中游属于双中心点轴状,关中、中原属于单中心放射状,其余城市群则属于单中心或无中心离散状。④ 与百度指数对比看,抖音粉丝量在高水平区的集聚程度高,而在中西部城市群地区的集聚效应不明显。⑤ 从影响因素看,除了与经济发展水平尤其是现代服务业水平、信息化水平、交通物流保障相关外,与城市的创新性、高素质人才或高学历网民的活跃性参与、数字化推广、专业化运营相关性较大。     

Autogenic dynamics of alluvial fans in endorheic basins: Outcrop examples and stratigraphic significance

Alluvial fans are relatively simple depositional systems, due to the direct coupling of sediment sources and adjacent accumulation areas. Nonetheless, general models of alluvial‐fan evolution and stratigraphy remain elusive, due to the great sensitivity of such systems to allogenic controls and their strongly case‐specific responses. Autogenic processes intrinsic to alluvial‐fan dynamics can complicate stratigraphic architectures, with effects not easily distinguishable from those of allogenic forcing. A distinction is made here between lateral autogenic dynamics, tied to spatial sediment distribution over fan surfaces, and vertical autogenic dynamics, related to independent incision‐aggradation cycles. Autogenic mechanisms have been highlighted recently by modelling studies, but remain poorly constrained in field‐based studies. Examples are presented here from the margins of the Cenozoic Teruel and Ebro basins (Spain), where alluvial fans accumulated thick successions during phases of basin topographic closure and endorheic drainage which promoted forced aggradation. Fan successions consist of conformable architectures of stacked clastic sheets, laterally continuous and with no evidence of internal unconformities, inset architectures, fan segmentation or preserved incised channels. Continuous aggradation in these closed basins strongly inhibited ‘vertical’ autogenic dynamics in the form of fan head and through fan incision, due to the forced rise in geomorphic base level and the creation of positive accommodation. Furthermore, the lack of incised channels favoured widespread sediment transport and aggradation over broad fan sectors in relatively short time spans, in contrast to the typical occurrence of active lobes and abandoned fan surfaces caused by ‘lateral’ autogenic dynamics. Stratigraphic records of alluvial fans developed in endorheic basins are essentially complete and largely unaffected by autogenic processes. The latter characteristic implies that they can be more unambiguously interpreted in terms of allogenic forcing, because stratigraphic signatures are not complicated by the effects of complex fan autodynamics.     

The paradigm of paraglacial megafans of the San Juan river basin,Central Andes,Argentina

The spatial distribution and several morphometric characteristics of the Quaternary alluvial fans of the San Juan River, in the province of San Juan, at the Central and Western part of Argentina, have been studied to classify them as paraglacial megafans, as well to ratify its depositional environmental conditions. The high sedimentary load exported by San Juan river from the Central Andes to the foreland depressions is estimated about 3,682,200 hm³. The large alluvial fans of Ullum-Zonda and Tulum valleys were deposited into deep tectonic depressions, during the Upper Pleistocene deglaciation stages. The outcome of collecting remotely sensed data, map and DEM data, geophysical data and much fieldwork gave access to morphometric, morphographic and morphogenetic data of these alluvial fans. The main drainage network was mapped on processed images using QGis (vers.2.0.1). Several fan morphometric parameters were measured, such as the size, the shape, the thickness, the surface areas and the sedimentary volume of exported load. The analyzed fans were accumulated in deep tectonic depressions, where the alluvium fill reaches 700 to 1200 m thick. Such fans do not reach the large size that other world megafans have, and this is due to tectonic obstacles, although the sedimentary fill average volume surpasses 514,000 hm³. The author proposes to consider Ullum-Zonda and Tulum alluvial fans as paraglacial megafans. According to the stratigraphic relationships of the tropical South American Rivers, the author considers that the San Juan paraglacial megafans would have occurred in the period before 24 ka BP, possibly corresponding to Middle Pleniglacial (ca 65–24ka BP). They record colder and more humid conditions compared with the present arid and dry conditions.     

Measuring alluvial fan sensitivity to past climate changes using a self‐similarity approach to grain‐size fining,Death Valley,California

The effects of climate change on eroding landscapes and the terrestrial sedimentary record are poorly understood. Using mountain catchment–alluvial fan systems as simple analogues for larger landscapes, a wide range of theoretical studies, numerical models and physical experiments have hypothesized that a change in precipitation rate could leave a characteristic signal in alluvial fan sediment flux, grain size and down‐system fining rate. However, this hypothesis remains largely untested in real landscapes. This study measures grain‐size fining rates from apex to toe on two alluvial fan systems in northern Death Valley, California, USA, which each have well‐exposed modern and ca 70 ka surfaces, and where the long‐term tectonic boundary conditions can be constrained. Between them, these surfaces capture a well‐constrained temporal gradient in climate. A grain‐size fining model is adapted, based on self‐similarity and selective deposition, for application to these alluvial fans. This model is then integrated with cosmogenic nuclide constraints on catchment erosion rates, and observed grain‐size fining data from two catchment‐fan systems, to estimate the change in sediment flux from canyon to alluvial fan that occurred between mid‐glacial and modern interglacial conditions. In a fan system with negligible sediment recycling, a ca 30% decrease in precipitation rate led to a 20% decrease in sediment flux and a clear increase in the down‐fan rate of fining, supporting existing landscape evolution models. Consequently, this study shows that small mountain catchments and their alluvial fan stratigraphy can be highly sensitive to orbital climate changes over <10⁵ year timescales. However, in the second fan system it is observed that this sensitivity is completely lost when sediment is remobilized and recycled over a time period longer than the duration of the climatic perturbation. These analyses offer a new approach to quantitatively reconstructing the effects of past climate changes on sedimentation, using simple grain‐size data measured in the field.     

东营凹陷下第三系高分辨率层序地层研究

本文基于构造层序分析和基准面分析原理，建立了高分辨率地层格架，强调了构造演化对层序样式的控制。断陷湖盆的层序由低位体系域、湖扩展体系域和高位体系域组成，依据其低位体系域特征以及沉积体系的空间配置关系，划分出三种层序样式，其中生长断层型的低位体系域最发育；构造坡折型低位、湖扩展和高位体系域发育齐全，这与海相被动大陆边缘层序样式有类似性；滨岸缓坡型以浅水环境沉积体系为主。构造坡折的存在，为低位扇的发 育提供了广阔的空间，形成了低位三角洲、浊积扇及扇三角洲三种类型低位扇，它们是隐蔽油气藏勘探的主要对象。依据构造坡折带及低位扇发育规律，结合油气成藏条件分析，提出了新的勘探领域，经钻探取得了较好的经济效益，充分证明了层序地层学在陆相盆地中具有广阔的应用前景。     

Petrography and geochemistry of the late Eocene–early Oligocene submarine fans and shelf deposits on Lemnos Island,NE Greece. Implications for provenance and tectonic setting

Provenance and tectonic history of the late Eocene‐early Oligocene submarine fans and shelf deposits on Lemnos Island, NE Greece, were studied using sandstone framework composition, sedimentological data and sandstone and mudstone geochemistry. The resulting tectonic–sedimentological model is based on the late Eocene–early Oligocene Lemnos Island being in a forearc basin with the outer arc ridge as a major sediment source. Modal petrographic analysis of the studied sandstones shows that the source area comprises sedimentary, metamorphic and plutonic igneous rocks deposited in the studied area in a recycled orogenic environment. Moreover, within the above sediments, the minor occurrence of volcanic fragments suggests little or no influence of a volcanic source. Provenance results, based on major, trace and rare earth element (REE) data, suggest an active continental margin/continental island arc signature. All the samples are LREE, enriched relative to HREE, with a flat HREE pattern and positive Eu anomalies, suggesting that the processes of intracrustal differentiation (involving plagioclase fractionation) were not of great importance. Results derived from the multi‐element diagrams also suggest an active margin character, and a mafic/ultramafic source rock composition, while the positive anomaly of Zr that can be attributed to a passive continental margin source, is most likely associated with reworking and sorting during sediment transfer. Palaeocurrents, with a NE–NNE direction, indicate a northeast flow, towards the location of the late Eocene–early Oligocene magmatic belt in the north‐east Aegean region. Conglomerates are composed of chert, gneiss and igneous fragments, such as basalts and gabbros, suggesting this outer arc ridge as a likely source area. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.