成渝经济区南部城市群孕灾条件与地质灾害发育特征

通过资料分析与实地调查相结合,对成渝经济区南部城市群孕灾条件和地质灾害空间分布特征进行了区域对比分析。研究结果表明,城市群由南而北、自西向东在地形地貌、地质构造、地层岩性等孕灾地质背景及降雨、地震活动、人类工程活动等诱发因素方面均有明显不同,进而导致地质灾害空间分布及发育特征的差异。西部中高山峡谷区地层岩性及地质构造极为复杂,地形起伏大,活动断裂发育且地震活动较为频繁,地质灾害具有规模大、泥石流相对发育、沿构造线和河流线状分布的特点;南部低中山及岩溶发育区地形起伏较大,地质构造及岩性较复杂,碳酸盐岩极为发育,采矿活动强烈,以地面塌陷相对发育为主要特点;北部红层丘陵区地质构造及岩性简单,地形起伏小,人类工程活动强烈,地质灾害类型单一、数量多、规模小,分布上具有面上松散分布、局部相对集中的特点。      

中国地震次生地质灾害分布及地市级危险性区划研究

地震次生地质灾害指由地震活动引起的地质灾害。地震次生地质灾害,主要为崩塌、滑坡,其次为塌陷、地裂缝、砂土液化等。地震次生地质灾害增强了地震的破坏效应,加剧了地震灾害的损失程度,给抢险救灾和灾后重建造成很大困难。一般震级大于5级、烈度超过6度的地震可能引发不同程度的地质灾害,震级和烈度越高,次生地质灾害越严重。本文根据中国历史地震次生地质灾害的活动程度及发生条件,以地（市、区、盟）为单元,进行了危险性评价：高度和中度危险区主要分布在中国中部的陕甘宁川渝滇藏地区,形成一个大致北北东向的高危险带,其余大部分地区为轻度危险区。     

关于矿山地质灾害危险性评估中几个主要技术问题的探讨

以国土资源部下发的《地质灾害危险性评估技术要求》(试行)为原则,结合工作实践,尝试对矿山地质灾害危险性评估技术要求进行了强调与细化,对现状评估、预测评估及综合评估的关系、评估范围的确定方法、地质环境条件复杂程度的划分方法、拟采取的防治措施及矿山地质灾害危险性分级评估标准等几个矿山地质灾害危险性评估中的主要技术问题作了若干探讨。对提高矿山地质灾害危险性评估工作质量具有实际意义。     

Deformation metamorphism of bituminous and anthracite coals from China

Tectonic displacement of coal seams in China has resulted in faulting parallel to coal bedding. Displacement along these faults caused significant comminution of the coal on the footwall contributing to various mining problems, the worst of which is catastrophic failure, or “outbursting” of the working face during mining. The granular texture and mostly unconsolidated nature of the coal suggests that faulting occurred relatively late in the coalification sequence, at a time of maximum tectonic stress. Coal samples taken on either side of the fault plane (normal and deformed coal layers) were obtained in an effort to establish what influence these tectonic stresses might have had on coal properties as well as what they might reveal about the influence of tectonic pressure on organic maturity. Sample sets were collected within coal beds from undisturbed and adjacent deformed layers, including 21 bituminous samples from the Pingdingshan coal field and nine anthracite samples from the Jiaozuo coal field, the Tieshenggou coal mine of the Yuxi coal field in Henan province, the Beijing Xishan coal field, the Baijiao mine of the Furong coal field in Sichuang province and the Baisha coal field in Hunan province, China. Results from vitrinite reflectance, proximate and ultimate analyses show some differences in reflectance, hydrogen content and nitrogen content of anthracite coal. No significant difference was found between volatile matter yields of normal and deformed coal specimens. GC measurements of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction of chloroform extracts from bituminous coals showed that lower molecular weight carbon fragments were concentrated in the deformed samples. Therefore, although changes in the gross chemical properties of the deformed coal were insignificant, some modification of the chemical structure is seen to have occurred as a result of exposure to tectonic pressure.     

新版IAEA安全导则《核电厂地震危险性评价》的分析与评述

本文分析了国际原子能机构新颁布的安全导则“EvaluationofSeismicHazardsforNuclearPowerPlants(NS-G-3.3)”与前版导则相比在内容、方法上的一些显著的变化;同时,结合我国核电厂厂址地震安全性评价的方法和实践,对该新版导则在我国的引进和应用中应该注意的问题,进行了评述。     

Digital landscapes of deglaciation: identifying Late Quaternary glacial lake outburst floods using LiDAR

High resolution DEMs obtained from LiDAR topographic data have led to improved landform inventories (e.g. landslides and fault scarps) and understanding of geomorphic event frequency. Here we use airborne LiDAR mapping to investigate meltwater pathways associated with the Tweed Valley palaeo ice‐stream (UK). In particular we focus on a gorge downstream of Palaeolake Milfield, previously mapped as a sub‐glacial meltwater channel, where the identification of abandoned headcut channels, run‐up bars, rock‐cut terrace surfaces and eddy flow features attest to formation by a sub‐aerial glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) caused by breaching of a sediment dam, likely an esker ridge. Mapping of these landforms combined with analysis of the gorge rim elevations and cross‐section variability revealed a two phase event with another breach site downstream following flow blockage by higher elevation drumlin topography. We estimate the magnitude of peak flow to be 1–3 × 10³ m³/s, duration of the event to range from 16–155 days, and a specific sediment yield of 10⁷–10⁹ m³/km²/yr. We identified other outburst pathways in the lower Tweed basin that help delineate an ice margin position of the retreating Tweed Valley ice stream. The results suggest that low magnitude outburst floods are under‐represented in Quaternary geomorphological maps. We therefore recommend regional LiDAR mapping of meltwater pathways to identify other GLOFs in order to better quantify the pattern of freshwater and sediment fluxes from melting ice sheets to oceans. Despite the relatively low magnitude of the Till outburst event, it had a significant impact on the landscape development of the lower Tweed Valley through the creation of a new tributary pathway and triggering of rapid knickpoint retreat encouraging new regional models of post‐glacial fluvial landscape response. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

国道318、214线藏川滇部分区段公路地质灾害遥感解译

通过工作路线公路地质灾害的解译实践，讨论公路地质灾害遥感解译的技术方法，介绍各类地质灾害的影像特征及其解译标志。分析地质灾害的时空分布特征与对公路产生危害的主要原因。以彩红外航片为主，TM图像为辅，经地面检验综合解译是公路地质灾害调查的最佳途径。     

冰湖溃决泥石流形成的临界条件

随着全球气候的变暖, 在世界上许多高山峡谷区的冰湖溃决及其溃决洪水引发的泥石流, 经常对下游居民及其他基础设施造成极为严重的危害. 使用水槽试验的方法, 从单宽流量和库容、沟道纵坡、堆积物粒径3个方面探讨了冰湖溃决泥石流形成的影响因素和临界条件. 结果显示: 冰湖溃决泥石流形成与否不仅与溃决洪水提供的能量有关, 还与参与泥石流活动的沟床物质特性紧密相关. 通过对试验数据的分析, 当泥石流形成的特征参数K>2.66时, 冰湖溃决洪水可以演化为泥石流. 该种方法可以对危险性冰湖的预测提供理论参考.     

Causes of Weather-Related Crashes in Salt Lake County,Utah

In 2010, the World Health Organization declared 2011 to 2020 the Decade of Action for Road Safety in response to the enormous toll that roadway crashes take on individuals, communities, and national economies. More than 6.2 million vehicle crashes occurred in the United States in 2015, resulting in around 2.4 million injuries and more than 35,000 fatalities. Motor vehicle crashes in the United States in 2015 had an economic cost of $836 billion, equal to nearly 5 percent of the U.S. gross domestic product. For this study, more than 122,000 crashes occurring in Salt Lake County, Utah, from 2012 to 2016 were analyzed to see how weather conditions affected the number and type of crashes observed. Approximately 12 percent of crashes occurred under “adverse weather conditions.” Weather-related crashes were most likely in the winter season and were very highly correlated with monthly snowfall. Although the greatest number of crashes occurred during evening rush hours, adverse weather-related crashes made up a larger percentage of crashes from 5 to 7 a.m. Although excessive speed was much more likely to be a factor in crashes during adverse weather, such crashes, on average, were less severe. Roadway slope also played a significant role, with slight increases causing more crashes.     

Mapping and ranking global mortality,affected population and GDP loss risks for multiple climatic hazards

Coping with extreme climate events and its related climatic disasters caused by climate change has become a global issue and drew wide attention from scientists, policy-makers and public. This paper calculated the expected annual multiple climatic hazards intensity index based on the results of nine climatic hazards including tropical cyclone, flood, landslide, storm surge, sand-dust storm, drought, heat wave, cold wave and wildfire. Then a vulnerability model involving the coping capacity indicator with mortality rate, affected population rate and GDP loss rate, was developed to estimate the expected annual affected population, mortality and GDP loss risks. The results showed that: countries with the highest risks are also the countries with large population or GDP. To substantially reduce the global total climatic hazards risks, these countries should reduce the exposure and improving the governance of integrated climatic risk; Without considering the total exposure, countries with the high mortality rate, affected population rate or GDP loss rate, which also have higher or lower coping capacity, such as the Philippines, Bangladesh and Vietnam, are the hotspots of the planning and strategy making for the climatic disaster risk reduction and should focus on promoting the coping capacity.