中国分省地质灾害图集与主要地质灾害类型

本文阐述了中国分省地质灾害图编图的意义，编图原则和方法，通过分省地质灾害图集的编制和大量资料的综合分析，提出了我国主要地质灾害类型的分类方案，论述了我国地质灾害发育的基本特点与发展趋势。     

测井曲线判识构造软煤技术预测煤与瓦斯突出

基于构造软煤与硬煤的物性差异,分析构造软煤分层在测井曲线上的响应特征;根据煤层段测井曲线的形态特征,将揭露区钻孔测井曲线初步判识的结果同钻孔邻近巷道煤壁观测的结果进行对比、验证,形成了一套测井曲线判识构造软煤技术。利用该技术获取了研究区的构造软煤资料,对研究区的煤与瓦斯突出危险性区域进行了预测。     

The historical Saklei Shuyinj and Chateboi Glacier Dams as triggers for lake outburst cascades in the Karambar Valley, Hindukush

Abstract   Since the mid-nineteenth century, devastating glacier lake outbursts have occurred in the Karambar Valley. The exact source areas of these floods are to date unknown. The present study uses geomorphologic field evidence and interviews of local inhabitants to reconstruct nine potential glacier dams in the Karambar Valley within a horizontal distance of only 40 km. The article focuses on the geomorphologic reconstruction of the highest glacier dams, the Chateboi and Saklei Shuyinj Glaciers. Their lake basins were connected in former times resulting in a complex interfingering of lake sediments, lake terraces and glacial deposits. The outbursts of these lakes could have triggered the drainage of one of the lower ice-dammed lakes (Sokther Rabot, Chillinji, Warghut or Karambar) and therefore initiated an outburst cascade in the upper Karambar Valley. Successive glacier dams are wide spread in the Karakoram, and cascading lakes might have also played a role in other lake outburst scenarios. In the Karambar Valley, even today the Chateboi Glacier blocks the Karambar River over a distance of 4 km and represents a permanent hazard for the villages located downstream.     

Holocene volcanic activity at Koniuji Island,Aleutians

Reconnaissance mapping and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age determinations establish an eruptive chronology for Koniuji Island in the central Aleutian island arc. Koniuji is a tiny 0.95 km² island that rises only 896 ft above the Bering Sea. Previous accounts describe Koniuji as a mostly submerged, deeply eroded, dormant stratovolcano. However, new ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages constrain the duration of subaerial eruptive activity from 15.2 to 3.1 ka. Furnace incremental heating experiments on replicate groundmass separates from two samples of a 30–50 m thick basaltic andesite flow at the southernmost point of the island gave a weighted mean ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age of 15.2 ± 5.0 (2σ). The next phase of eruptive activity includes a series of 5.8–4.6 ka basaltic andesitic to andesitic lava flows preserved along the western shoreline. The basal lavas contain numerous mafic enclaves and dioritic cumulates suggesting a major disturbance in the plumbing system during the initial stages of emplacement. The 5.8–4.6 ka lavas are truncated by an andesitic dome complex that includes hornblende-bearing domes, flows and pyroclastics which extruded into the center of the island and comprise the majority of the subaerial eruptive volume. An angular block from within the dome complex yielded ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age of 3.1 ± 1.9 ka, thereby making it one of the youngest island arc volcanics to be dated using the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar method. Overall, the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar data indicate that Koniuji is a nascent stratovolcano that has only recently emerged above sea level, not a glacially-eroded, long-lived volcanic complex like those found on many other central Aleutian Islands.     

Use of GIS in Optimizing Timber Thinning Strategies in the Eastern Sierra Nevada*

This paper demonstrates the use of a Geographic Information System (GIS) to develop timber thinning strategies on the Kyburz Planning Area of the Tahoe National Forest in northeastern California. The primary criteria used in an assessment of selective thinning potential were forest health and fire hazard ratings. By eliminating environmentally sensitive, economically unfeasible, or low fire hazard areas from consideration, the use of GIS reduced the area that was considered appropriate for thinning by approximately 58%. GIS offers considerable potential for improving resource management strategies.     

关于地质灾害孕灾因子权重确定的探讨

地质灾害易发区划模型中,不同地区孕灾因子权重不同。因子权重的确定、求解权重的准确性将直接关系到区划结果的可靠度。本文根据地质灾害点在不同孕灾因子分区中的分布频率,推出不同孕灾因子对地质灾害发育的贡献率的相对大小。不同因子对地质灾害发育的贡献率实际上就是各因子在地质灾害易发模型中的权重,因此通过以上分析可得出不同孕灾因子的相对权重,再利用层次分析法(AHP法)得出孕灾因子的权重。通过统计分析得出各因子相对权重的方法弥补了层次分析法确定权重的人为随意性,提高了区划的准确度。     

T型巷道中突出煤−瓦斯两相流动力学试验研究

为了进一步探究突出煤−瓦斯两相流在不同巷道布置方式下的动力学行为,利用多场耦合煤矿动力灾害大型物理模拟试验系统,开展了T型巷道布置方式下的煤与瓦斯突出试验,得出了两相流运移过程中冲击力与静压的演化特征。结果表明：直线主巷内冲击力随时间呈多峰值震荡衰减趋势,体现了突出过程的脉冲特性,且距突出口越近,冲击力震荡次数越多;分岔两侧支巷内冲击力突出前期呈现两种演化趋势,其一是迅速增大至峰值后缓慢下降,其二是缓慢增大后缓慢下降;距分岔结构中心左侧1 500 mm处出现了较大冲击力值,出现重度危险区域,而右侧则在距500 mm和1 900 mm处。利用突出运移动态图像将整个过程分为单相气流和两相流两个阶段,单相气流阶段中分岔后支巷的冲击力就迅速上升至峰值,而在两相流阶段分岔前主巷的冲击力上升至最高值,存在分岔后冲击力峰值高于分岔前的现象。突出过程中,巷道壁面上静压值总体偏低;静压随时间呈间歇式波动发展,且其峰值点自煤层由近及远呈先增大后减小的趋势;距突出口越远,直线主巷内静压出现峰值的时刻越滞后;分岔支巷内静压左右两侧的演化近似,随着时间推进,分岔结构前后静压衰减逐渐增大。     

莱芜市茶业口镇船厂地区泥(渣)石流灾害区治理

详细介绍了莱芜市茶业口镇船厂地区的矿山地质环境,提出了治理方案,对矿区存留矿体开发的可行性进行了论证,对开采与治理同步的技术路线进行了合理性分析。通过开发利用存留资源,可为地质灾害治理提供了资金保障,实现了资源利用与地质灾害治理的双赢局面,为类似地质灾害防治提供借鉴。