浅谈露天矿山地质灾害防治与地质环境保护

文中简述了露天矿山开采活动与地质灾害成因联系,通过对紫金县某石场地质灾害现状,从不同角度分析了该矿山地质灾害的影响因素及成因机制,提出了可供参考的防治措施。并对矿山如何进行地质环境保护方面进行了探讨。     

陆地表层地质环境质量综合评价与地质灾害系统分析——以广东沿海地带为例

将广东沿海陆地表层地质环境划分为构造稳定性、坡面稳定性和地基稳定性三个评价层面 ,其中包括由 9个指标构成的评价指标体系 ;确定了各指标的权重和五级分级标准和环境质量的五级标准 ;使用模糊数学综合评价模型将广东沿海 190个评价单元划分为 2 2个地质环境质量区。在灾害基本数据库和灾害时空分布分析的基础上 ,划分了 9个地质灾害一级分区及 32个二级分区 ,确定了地质环境、气候气象和人为活动因素三大类致灾主控因子 ;构造了三种地质灾害系统的概念模型和灾害预测指标体系框架 ,建立了地质灾害地理信息系统。     

关于海平面上升及其环境效应

沿海地区地质环境复杂。由于国民经济的迅速发展,人类活动日益增多,对地质环境进一步造成严重的不利影响。特别是“温室效应”引发的海平面上升,使各种地质灾害更加激化。文章详细探讨了海平面上升的影响因素,理论海平面与相对海平面升降幅度的评估,以及海平面上升所造成的地质环境效应与相应的防治对策,特别强调控制沿海城市地面沉降,以减轻海平面相对上升造成的危害,具有特殊而重要的意义。     

Lightning fatalities in Australia, 1824–1991

Information on fatalities from lightning strikes has been extracted from a specially compiled database on natural hazards in Australia. Records dating from 1803–1991 indicate that at least 650 persons have been killed by lightning strikes. Maps and charts show the percentages of victims with respect to age, sex, locality, activity, and other circumstances of the strike. The majority of the 650 fatalities recorded have occurred along the more populous southeastern coast. The overall death rate, from 1910–1989, is 0.08 per 100 000 population. The annual number of lightning fatalities has decreased with time, from a death rate of 0.21 in 1910–1919 to 0.01 in 1980–1989. This trend is more pronounced when population figures are taken into account. The group that has been most at risk in Australia is that of males aged 15–19, followed by males aged 20–34. The male:female ratio of victims has decreased with time but is not approaching equality, being 11.6 in 1910–1919 and 5.3 in 1980–1989. The diurnal and monthly occurrences of lightning fatalities peak at 12.00–18.00 hours and November-February respectively. About 86% of fatalities have occurred outdoors and 14% have occurred indoors. Approximately three-fifths of fatalities have been work-related, and the group of workers that has traditionally been most at risk is that of land-workers. Approximately one-fifth of fatalities have been recreation-related, although this proportion has been increasing with time. The recreational activities of water sports, golf, and cricket have had the greatest number of lightning fatalities. Comparisons are made between these data and the results of other similar studies, both in Australia and overseas.     

Characteristics and mitigation of the snow avalanche hazard in Kaghan Valley,Pakistan Himalaya

Snow avalanche hazards in mountainous areas of developing countries have received scant attention in the scientific literature. The purpose of this paper is to describe this hazard and mitigative measures in Kaghan Valley, Pakistan Himalaya, and to review alternatives for future reduction of this hazard. Snow avalanches have long posed a hazard and risk to indigenous populations of the Himalaya and Trans-Himalaya mountains. Land use intensification due to population growth, new transportation routes, military activity and tourism is raising levels of risk. The history of land use in the study area is such that investigations of avalanche hazard must rely on different theoretical bases and data than in most industrialised countries. Despite the intensive use of valley-bottom land which is affected by avalanches, a number of simple measures are currently employed by the indigenous population to mitigate the hazard. Out-migration during the winter months is the most important one. During the intensive use period of summer avalanche-transported snow provides numerous resources for the population. In Kaghan the avalanche hazard is increasing primarily as a result of poorly located new buildings and other construction projects. The large scale of avalanche activity there rules out any significant improvement or protection of the currently difficult winter access. Instead, future mitigation of the hazard should focus on protecting the small number of winter inhabitants and minimising property damage.     

地质灾害的非线性数据处理与建模技术

本文简略地介绍了几种地质灾害数据处理与建模的非线性方法,主要包括GMDH自组织建模技术、神经网络方法。GMDH是一种高阶非线性回归建模方法,它是以简单的二元二次回归方程为基础,通过"代复一代"的"生产"过程,客观、自动地求得实际资料的非线性模型。而神经网络则是用工程技术手段模拟生物神经网络的结构特征和功能特征的一类人工系统。与常规统计方法相比,神经网络最突出的优点为它是通过对网络的学习和训练,来掌握变量之间的非线性关系。因此,其处理复杂问题的能力更强大。实例检验效果表明,这些非线性数据处理与建模技术考虑了地质灾害问题的非线性特性,其比基于常规统计理论的数据处理方法的精度要高得多。     

顺煤层断层的基本特征及其地质意义

顺煤层断层是指顺煤层发育的断面与煤层层面的交角较小或近于平行的断层。它的主要识别标志是断层面、构造煤和煤层厚度的强烈变化。顺煤层断层可独立存在，也可与其它地质构造相互转换，相伴出现。顺煤层断层具有特殊的选层性，这一特征与煤体较低的力学强度、煤层瓦斯压力及形变期顺煤层的剪切作用有关。顺煤层断层在煤田中分布广泛，它所产生的构造煤是瓦斯高聚集区，亦是瓦斯突出的危险区，其研究意义重大。     

Optical and X-Ray Observations of the Symbiotic System Ag Draconis During Quiescence and Outburst

We review the main characteristics of the symbiotic system AG Draconis, with special emphasis on its optical and X-ray variations. We also discuss the X-ray to visual energy distribution during quiescence and outburst and describe our spectroscopic and X-ray observations during the 2003 outburst. Based on X-ray observations collected with the XMM–Newton Observatory, on INES data from the IUE satellite, and on optical spectra collected with the Asiago–Cima Ekar, Bologna–Loiano and La Palma–Galileo Italian telescopes.     

宁夏煤矿资源的可持续发展与采矿区生态保护

在对可持续发展的认识和意义进行简单论述的基础上,着重介绍了宁夏的煤炭资源概况、发展现状及采矿区的地质灾害,并提出了宁夏煤炭资源实现可持续发展、矿区地质灾害的防治和生态保护应坚持的原则与采取的办法及措施。     

莱芜市汛期地质灾害防治方案初探

莱芜市是一个矿产资源开采历史比较悠久的城市,也是一个地质灾害多发的地区。莱芜市国土资源局通过加强组织领导,组织专题宣传活动,修复治理损毁山体问题,加大日常监管措施,推进生产矿山的恢复治理等措施,取得良好的治理效果,矿山地质环境恢复治理率达66％,有效保护了当地的地质环境。