A mineral equilibria study of the hydrothermal alteration in mafic greenschist facies rocks at Kalgoorlie, Western Australia

The influx of a H₂O–CO₂‐dominated fluid into actinolite‐bearing metabasic rocks during greenschist facies metamorphism in the Kalgoorlie area of Western Australia resulted in a zoned alteration halo around inferred fluid conduits that contain gold mineralisation. The alteration halo is divided into two outer zones, the chlorite zone and the carbonate zone, and an inner pyrite zone adjacent to the inferred fluid conduits. Reaction between the fluid and the protolith resulted in the breakdown of actinolite and the development of chlorite, dolomite, calcite and siderite. In addition, rocks in the pyrite zone developed muscovite‐bearing assemblages as a consequence of the introduction of potassium by the fluid. Mineral equilibria calculations undertaken using the computer software thermocalc in the model system Na₂O–CaO–K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–CO₂ show that mineral assemblages in the outer zones of the alteration halo are consistent with equilibrium of the protoliths with a fluid of composition X_CO2 = CO₂/(CO₂ + H₂O) = 0.1–0.25 for temperatures of 315–320 °C. The inner zone of the alteration halo reflect equilibrium with a fluid of composition X_CO2≈ 0.25. Fluid‐rock buffering calculations show that the alteration halo is consistent with interaction with a single fluid composition and that the zoned structure of the halo reflects the volume of this fluid with which the rocks reacted. This fluid is likely to have also been the one responsible for the gold mineralisation at Kalgoorlie.     

Geology and Genesis of the Ta'ergou Skarn - Quartz Vein Tungsten Deposit in the North Qilian Caledonian Orogenic Belt, Northwest China

Abstract. The Ta'ergou tungsten deposit in Gansu province, northwestern China, is located in the western part of the North Qilian Caledonian orogen, and consists of scheelite skarn bodies and wolframite quartz veins. The tungsten‐bearing skarn developed by the replacement of carbonate layers intercalated in the Precambrian schist and amphibolite whereas wolframite‐quartz ore veins developed along a group of fractures that cut through horizontal skarns. The Ta'ergou tungsten deposit is genetically related to the Caledonian Yeniutan granodiorite intrusion and occurs ca. 500 m wide in the exo‐contact zone 300 ～ 500 m apart from the intrusion. The granodiorite displays a lower grade of differentiation, low content of SiO₂ and high contents of mafic components. There are three types of fluid inclusions in the wolframite‐quartz vein systems, i. e. aqueous, CO₂‐H₂O and CO₂‐rich. The homogenization temperature of aqueous inclusion ranges from 140 to 380d?C and their salinities from 6.4 to 17.4 equivalent wt% NaCl. Laser Raman spectroscopy shows that the inclusions contain a relatively high content of CO₂. The δ³⁴S values of skarn type sulfides range from +8.1 to +12.7 per mil and those of quartz vein sulfides from +9.3 to +14.9 per mil, similar to sulfides of the granodiorite with from +6.0 to +11.7 per mil. The δ¹⁸O values of quartz are between +10.5 and +13.3 per mil and those of wolframite between +3.4 and +5.1 per mil. The δ¹⁸O water values of ore forming fluids range from +0.6 to +6.4 per mil and suggest the mixture of magmatic fluids with meteoric water formed the ore‐forming fluids. It has been proved that Precambrian strata in the west sector of North Qilian region are enriched in tungsten. We propose the strata were remelted to be tungsten‐granitoid during subduction. The polymetallic tungsten was gradually accumulated into the roof pendants of the granite intrusion by fractional crystallization and then was deposited by hydrothermal fluids during metasomatism and infilling along fractures. On the other hand, the granite intrusion also acted as “heating machine” to make hydrothermal fluids leach out the metals from Precambrian strata and these metals joined the ore‐forming hydrothermal system.     

松潘-甘孜造山带地壳速度结构

位于川西地区的奔子栏——唐克深地震测深剖面以NNE走向穿越松潘——甘孜造山带．根据人工地震记录分析得到的震相走时和相关的振幅信息，确定了该剖面二维P波地壳速度结构．剖面的地壳结构可分为5层，其中第1，2，3层为上地壳；第4，5层为下地壳．上地壳中部普遍存在低速异常带，但龙日坝以北，这一低速带与其上覆的低速基底合为一体．同时，沿剖面的地壳速度结构具有较强的横向变化．据此，可将剖面分为4段，即甘孜——理塘断裂以南、甘孜——理塘断裂至鲜水河断裂、鲜水河断裂至龙日坝断裂和龙日坝断裂以北. 这与区域构造划分基本一致． 地壳厚度沿测线从南西向北东逐渐减薄，即从金沙江畔的62 km减小到黄河附近的52 km． 根据PmP震相分析，莫霍界面深度在鲜水河断裂两侧没有明显变化．全剖面的地壳平均速度较低，为6.30 km/s．奔子栏——唐克剖面揭示了该地区的造山带型地壳上地幔结构特征．鲜水河断裂带位于剖面的中部，该地区的上地壳速度为正异常，而下地壳和上地幔顶部存在负异常．笔者认为，这是一类有利于强震孕育和发生的深部构造环境．      

大别造山带上部地壳结构的有限差分层析成像

将有限差分层析反演方法用于大别造山带人工地震测深剖面上部地壳初至波的走时层析成像，得到这一剖面上部地壳横向不均匀结构图像表明，在南大别地区的超高压变质带发现榴辉岩相岩石，其下方3km深度以内的基底仍具有大陆地壳构造中正常的结晶基底速度（6．00km／s左右）；北大别地区在整个上地壳保持正常的速度，而在超高压带下方3km深度以下为6．20-630km／s的相对高速异常区，这一现象可能与超高压变质岩的含量增大有关．同时还表明，南大别和北大别之间至少在上地壳已有明显差异，它们之间的水吼一五河断裂可能是大别造山带内部的主要构造分界线．     

中国金银矿产资源现状成矿环境及开发前景

中国金银矿产具有类型齐全的共同特点，其资源和开发前景表现为金矿优于银矿。金矿成矿环境有利，成矿时代及资源分布广泛。但是，储量在１００吨以上的超大型矿床不多，富矿少，资源利用程度高，且浪费严重，存在重开发、轻勘查等问题。银矿虽然是世界上资源丰富的国家之一，但仍然是我国资源保证程度较低的矿种之一，也存在特大型矿床少、探明储量不足的问题。     

八卦庙金矿床的绿泥石特征及成岩成矿意义

绿泥石是八卦庙大型金矿床的主要热液蚀变矿物，本文系统地研究了绿泥石的产状、矿物学、化学成分等特点。在此基础上应用Walshe的绿泥石六组分热力学模型计算了绿泥石形成的物理化学条件：形成温度247.6～335.1℃，lgfo2值为一27.35～37.99，lgfs2的值是－7．46～－13.02，与根据成矿期石英包裹体所计算的值相近。     

湖南黄金洞金矿毒砂中Au赋存状态的电子探针研究

本文利用ＪＸＡ－８８００Ｍ超大型电子探针，以湖南黄金洞金矿含金毒砂为研究对象。利用金特征Ｘ－射线扫描方法和微区含金含量，对不可见金赋存状态的研究方法和温试条件进行了探索，先观察背散射电子图像，排除金在含金矿物毒砂中呈显显微颗粒存在的可能性，继而用ＬｉＦ晶体测定金Ｌ＝８８．７６Ｌａｌ峰位，然后逐渐放大倍数（ｘ３００，ｘ１０００，ｘ５０００，ｘ３００００，ｘ２０００００）进行金特征，Ｘ－射线连续测量，，结果发现金元素总 是均匀分布在重砂中，从而证实了金呈品格金形式存在的推测。     

内蒙古乌拉山金矿黄铁矿的标型特征

系统研究了乌拉山金矿黄铁矿的产状，晶体宏观形态，晶面微形貌，化学成分，热电性方面的标型特征，提出了一系列的重要找矿标志，为矿床的成因研究和深部远景评价提供了矿物学依据。     

黑龙江省砂金的成色特征

对黑龙江省８４个砂金样品的成色进行测定了并与７个岩金样品对比，结果表明，砂金成色变化较大，与原生岩金来源有明显继承性关系，由于受后生风化作用影响，砂金普遍具有金壳结构。砂金成色与其粒度及在河谷中产出位置呈规律性变化，由成色计算出来的溶蚀系数，可作为指导寻找原生金矿的依据之一。     

脉金矿床控矿条件及源区性质刍议

目前对脉金矿床，特别是大型金矿床的形成研究已取得重要进展，它在时间和空间上具有明显的一致性表明：大型脉金矿床的形成与特定的地质背景有密切关系，矿源具有深源性质，而与探矿岩系金的丰度值基本无关。