安徽巢湖平顶山剖面上二叠统大隆组有机质富集的地球生物学模式

安徽巢湖平顶山地区上二叠统大隆组主要为硅质泥岩和泥岩互层沉积。通过对该剖面微体古生物化石丰度的统计分析发现,其演化可划分出4个阶段:Ⅰ(繁盛阶段)→Ⅱ(衰亡阶段)→Ⅲ(恢复阶段)→Ⅳ(大衰亡阶段)。利用微量元素Cu、Ni和Zn估算了巢湖平顶山剖面古生产力,其平均值为1.48gC/m2d,与北美二叠系黑色页岩的古生产力平均值(1.40gC/m2d)和现代海洋大陆架的初级生产力(如委内瑞拉大陆架为1.50gC/m2d)较为一致。大隆组中有机碳质量分数为0.26%～5.49%,有机质富集程度和古生产力大小与岩性关系密切:泥岩和粉砂质泥岩里有机质最为富集且古生产力较高;而在硅质泥岩中,两者含量相对较低。分析了有机质富集过程(从生物物质到沉积有机质,再到埋藏有机质)中各环节的主要影响因素,表明海洋古生产力是有机质富集的主导因素和前提条件,直接影响沉积物中的有机质含量,而海洋表层初级生产力的大小受上升流、营养盐和海水深度等环境因素综合影响;在埋藏有机质阶段,其主控因素为沉积环境中的氧含量和沉积速率等。综合研究表明,本剖面中有机质富集为生产力模式,即:岩石中有机质的富集受古生产力的影响最大,其次为沉积环境中的氧含量。其中,古生产力由生产者贡献,但是受消费者的丰度影响较大。     

越冬前后海马齿脂肪酸和挥发性有机物组成和变化特征

海马齿是一种热带和亚热带盐生植物, 既是传统野生菜蔬, 也在海岸带生态修复中发挥重要作用。北移种植海马齿进行生态修复时, 越冬低温的影响是成功与否的首要关注问题, 其机制尚待解明。脂肪酸在生物耐受低温中发挥作用, 挥发性有机物与脂肪酸代谢关系密切。本研究利用海湾环境中生态修复浮床上的海马齿样品, 重点解析北移种植环境下, 海马齿植株不同部位受越冬影响前后的脂肪酸和挥发性有机物的组成、差异及变化特征。结果显示, 海马齿的花、叶、茎和根样本中, 共检出14种脂肪酸, 根中的脂肪酸种类数相对最多; 多不饱和脂肪酸在花和叶中的含量(平均分别为56.46%和60.23%)总体大于茎和根(平均分别为41.56%和44.45%)。茎、叶中共检出86种挥发性有机物, 蘑菇醇为优势种类。越冬后脂肪酸和挥发性有机物种类数量显著降低, 多不饱和脂肪酸比例在冻伤植株中显著升高; 就植株脂质营养指数而言, 耐受越冬低温的植株其脂质营养品质提高。越冬造成海马齿两类化合物发生显著变化, 其中C18脂肪酸代谢响应有重要贡献, C18: 3(n-3)和蘑菇醇分别是脂肪酸与挥发性物质中最为重要的两个代谢产物, 可能与抗冻应激有密切关系。本研究为推广海马齿种植以构建可持续近海生态修复体系提供了参考。     

有机烃新方法在金矿床快速定位预测中的应用:以陕西八卦庙特大型金矿床为例

有机质对金属元素的迁移、沉积和富集成矿有重要的作用，有机烃是有机质最终的裂解产物，具有很强的挥发性和穿透性。研究发现，八卦庙金矿床有机烃与金矿体品位呈密切相关关系，矿床的矿化富集中心也是有机烃的浓集中心。利用有机烃的这一特点可以进行隐伏金矿床的定位预测研究。     

宁芜莺子山地区硫铁矿找矿研究

莺子山地区与著名的向山硫铁矿有着相似的成矿条件，成矿作用主要集中在大王山旋回中，硫铁矿体的形成和分布受穹窿构造，NE向断裂，辉石闪长玢岩体等控制，具有褐铁矿化－黄铁矿化－绢云母化－高岭土化蚀变组合，重力异常显著，激电极化率一秀＞15％，并伴有低电脑经异常，具有S异常，并伴有P,Mo元素组合异常等，是莺子山地区硫铁矿的找矿标志，地质，地球物理，地球化学，遥感特征表明和尚岘，龙庵凹一带为找矿一级远景地段，竹园山，老蚊山等地为找矿二级远景地段。     

评我国沉积矿床研究的重大突破性成果——《生物有机质成矿作用和成矿背景》

文章从研究项目的特点、专著主要内容、成果展望三方面简要介绍了我国沉积矿床研究取得重大突破性成果的《生物有机质成矿作用和成矿背景》一书，并有评议。     

Geochemical Characteristics of a Veinlet Kupferschiefer Profile from the Lubin Mine, Southwestern Poland

Previous studies have shown that the ascending, oxidizing brines play a very important role in Kupferschiefer mineralization. Fractures could be the pathway of the brines. In order to clarify the influences of the brines on bulk organic matter, aromatic hydrocarbons and Kupferschiefer mineralization, one veinlet Kupferschiefer profile from the Lubin mine, southwestern Poland was studied with the microscopic, geochemical and Rock-Eval methods. The microscopic results indicate that organic matter of the veinlet sample consists dominantly of bitumen. Its extract content is higher than in other samples. The dominant aromatic compounds are naphthalene and alkylated naphthalenes (Na-PAH), which have migrated into the veinlet sample from other sediments. The content of phenanthrene and its methylated derivatives (Ph-PAH) is much lower than in other samples. The reason may be due to their heavier mass than Na-PAH. It is more difficult for Ph-PAH to migrate. The Na-PAH was probably removed from the shale by dist     

A GIS raster technique to optimise contaminated soil removal

A geographic information system (GIS) raster technique has been developed and used interactively with remediation designers to evaluate the optimum extent of excavating soil contaminated by chlorinated solvents. The technique and the results of its application are presented. The site was a former chemical storage plant for acids and solvents. Two distinct solvent plumes were detected within the ground using a photo-ionisation detector. The solvents were found to be dissolved in the groundwater and migrating in the general direction of groundwater flow. A remediation strategy was proposed involving the localised excavation of contamination ‘hot spots’ followed by the implementation of a groundwater remediation system. A number of excavation options were discussed and the GIS raster technique was developed to evaluate these options in terms of contaminant removed and excavation cost.

The plumes were initially mapped using a triangular irregular network (TIN). These TIN models were rasterised to produce a regular grid of rectangular cells, each cell having a value relating to the concentration of contaminant at that spatial point. The proposed excavation zones were then overlaid on to the raster models as masks. The relationship between the value of contaminant concentration of cells within the mask (or excavation zone) and the total value of contaminant concentration of cells within the solvent plume was used to determine the efficiency of the excavation.

The excavation options were compared taking into account the percentage of the contaminant plume removed, the excavation area (soil volumes) and related costs. Once the GIS raster technique had been developed, it proved very quick to rerun the analysis for the other excavation zones. The optimum excavation zone, based upon cost and contaminant recovery, was found for the site. The technique helped by targeting the worst area of contamination and provided the client with a cost-benefit analysis of the different remediation options.     

Determination of Total Sulfur in Thirty One Geochemical Reference Materials Using an Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer Fitted with a Semiconductor Photodiode Detector

The total sulfur contents of thirty one geochemical reference materials were determined using an inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer fitted with a semiconductor photodiode detector. Most samples were decomposed using an HF-aqua regia digestion. However, a few were incompletely decomposed by simple acid digestion, and these were decomposed by a fusion method. The agreement between the analytical results from this work and published data is generally good.     

Generation and Evolution of Ore Fluids for Porphyry Cu-Au Mineralization of the Santo Tomas II (Philex) Deposit, Philippines

Abstract: The Santo Tomas II (Philex) deposit is a porphyry Cu‐Au deposit, located in the southern part of the Baguio mineral district, Benguet Province, northern Luzon, Philippines. The Santo Tomas II deposit is associated with an intrusive complex consisting of four rock types that are distinguished based on petrography. They are 1) post‐ore clinopyroxene‐bearing hornblende andesite porphyry, 2) ore‐generating hornblende andesite porphyry, 3) hornblende quartz diorite porphyry and 4) porphyritic hornblende quartz diorite. K‐Ar age of hydrothermal biotitization was estimated to be 1.5±0.4 Ma. A number of intrusive bodies having broadly similar petrography and K‐Ar age occur in the vicinity of the Santo Tomas II deposit, such as at Clifton, Ligay (Binang), Bumolo (Waterhole) and Philex Main Camp areas. The intrusions at the Santo Tomas II deposit and in the vicinity are characterized by high X_Mg (Mg/[Mg+Fe] atomic ratio, about 0.7 or higher) of mafic silicate phenocrysts such as hornblende, and high sulfur contents (> 0.2 wt% as SO₃) in accessory microphenocrystic apatite, suggesting a highly oxidizing condition. Sulfur is accommodated dominantly as oxidized species since the crystallization of phe‐nocrysts. Sub‐dendritic rim of tremolitic amphibole on hornblende phenocryst in the ore‐generating andesite porphyry at the Santo Tomas II deposit suggests interaction of magma and aqueous fluid(s) exsolved due to decompression during intrusion. Dissemination of magnetite is associated with hydrothermal biotitization and is followed by sheeted and stockwork quartz veinlets having silician magnetite and rare titanohematite instead of Cu‐Fe sulfides. The silician magnetite‐rich quartz veinlet was formed at f_O2 near the hematite‐magnetite buffer at nearly magmatic temperature, where sulfur dominantly existed as oxidized species such as SO₂. Chalcopyrite and bornite, which commonly exhibit micrographic texture often accompanying Pd telluride and native gold/Au‐rich electrum, are associated with subsequent anhydrite (‐quartz) veinlets and stringers. Both intermediate solid solution (iss) and bornite solid solution (bnss) are thought to have coprecipitated primarily at above 500°C based on fluid inclusion microthermometry and sulfur isotope thermometry applied for anhydrite and associated chal‐copyrite and bornite. The initial iss is considered to have converted to chalcopyrite partly replacing bnss during cooling. The hypersaline polyphase fluid inclusions abundantly found in the sheeted and stockwork quartz as well as anhydrite veinlets with scarce gaseous inclusions suggest that they have been trapped in the two aqueous fluid immiscible region. The western Luzon arc associated with porphyry Cu mineralization is characterized by oxidized hydrous magmatism and shallow emplacement, and by the source of sulfur enriched in ³⁴S.     

Sulfur dioxide emissions from Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico): case study of a high-emission rate, passively degassing erupting volcano

Popocatépetl volcano in central Mexico has been erupting explosively and effusively for almost 4 years. SO₂ emission rates from this volcano have been the largest ever measured using a COSPEC. Pre-eruptive average SO₂ emission rates (2–3 kt/d) were similar to the emission rates measured during the first part of the eruption (up to August 1995) in contrast with the effusive–explosive periods (March 1996–January 1998) during which SO₂ emission rates were higher by a factor of four (9–13 kt/d). Based on a chronology of the eruption and the average SO₂ emission rates per period, the total SO₂ emissions (up to 1 January 1998) are estimated to be about 9 Mt, roughly half as much as the SO₂ emissions from Mount Pinatubo in a shorter period. Popocatépetl volcano is thus considered as a high-emission rate, passively degassing eruptive volcano. SO₂ emission rates and SO₂ emissions are used here to make a mass balance of the erupted magma and related gases. Identified excess SO₂ is explained in terms of continuous degassing of unerupted magma and magma mixing. Fluctuations in SO₂ emission rate may be a result of convection and crystallization in the chamber or the conduits, cleaning and sealing of the plumbing system, and/or SO₂ scrubbing by the hydrothermal system.