Study on the nutrient evolution and its controlling factors of Longgan Lake for the last 200 years

Based on the total phosphorous (TP) concentration in sediment core, the TP concentration in lake water quantitatively reconstructed from fossil diatoms and diatom-TP transfer function in the Longgan Lake during the last 200 years, the temperature and precipitation data from meteorological observation for the last 50 years, the temperatures and precipitation sequences of climate simulation for the last 200 years, as well as the amount of the agricultural phosphate fertilizer in Longgan area for nearly 50 years, the characteristic and the law of the nutrient status evolution were analyzed, and the influence of the climatic factor, the anthropologic factor and the aquatic biology factor on the nutrient status evolution and its mechanism were discussed for the Longgan Lake during the last 200 years. The results showed that, in the nearly 200 years, the TP concentration in the sediment core of the Longgan Lake gradually increased, its range of variation was situated between 330-580 mg/kg, the mean value was 388 mg/kg, a nearly 30-year vibration adjustment period existed at 1950 around. The TP concentration in lake water changed in a different way. Before 1950, it had a slow increasing tendency in fluctuated background, to 1950 around it reached up to the mean value (52.18μg/L), and vibrated and adjusted around the mean value, then it fast declined, its change range was situated between 37.75-62.33μg/L. The analyses indicated that, in the centennial time scale, the climate change was the main controlling factor, while in the decadal time scale in the recent 50 years, human activities were the leading factors for the nutrient status evolution of the Longgan Lake. 60% of the variability of the TP concentration in the sediments and 57% of that in lake water were due to human activities. The differentiation between phosphorus concentration in the sediment and in the lake water reflected the response processes and the adjustment abilities of the lake aquatic ecosystems to the lake nutrient level, implying the maintenance and the destruction of the balances between the algae and the aquatic plants, as well as the corresponding accumulating characteristics of the phosphorus.     

Mineralogical and geochemical study of a newly discovered mafic granulite, northwest China: Implications for tectonic evolution of the Altay Orogenic Belt

Abstract A mafic granulite body was newly discovered in the Altay Orogenic Belt, northwest China. The rocks comprise a suite of coarse‐grained and fine‐grained granulites. Orthopyroxenes (hypersthenes) in the rocks have high X_Mg and low Al₂O₃ contents, whereas clinopyroxenes have low TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ contents. Amphiboles and biotites have a high Mg/(Mg + Fe²⁺) ratio and low contents of F and Cl. The peak metamorphic pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions are estimated as 750–780°C and 6–7 kbar, and retrograde P–T conditions are in the range of 590–620°C and 2.3–3.7 kbar, indicating significant decompression. Metamorphic reactions and P–T estimates define a clockwise P–T path. Geochemically, the rocks are high in Mg/(Mg + Fe) and Al₂O₃, depleted in U, Th, K and Rb, and characterized by light rare earth element enrichment and a weak positive Eu anomaly. The Altay mafic granulite shows depleted Nb, P and Ti contents in the mid‐oceanic ridge basalt normalized spider diagram. The geochemical characteristics suggest that the protolith of the Altay mafic granulite was calc‐alkaline basalt and andesite with an island‐arc affinity. The rock has a high ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratio with ?Nd(0) > 0, indicating derivation from a mantle‐depleted source. In the present study, a two‐stage model for the evolution of the Altay mafic granulite is proposed: an early stage in which calc‐alkaline basalt and andesite with island‐arc affinity were subducted into a deeper level of the crust and subjected to granulite‐facies metamorphism generating the mafic granulite, followed by the later stage exhumation of the system into the upper crust by the late Paleozoic thrusting.     

基于? -SVR算法的隧道围岩位移演化规律预测

针对目前广泛应用的灰色理论、遗传算法(GA)和人工神经网络(ANN)等方法预测隧道稳定性的缺陷，提出应用稳健性能较好的? -SVR（support vector machine）算法对非对称连拱隧道围岩位移演化规律进行预测研究。应用加速混合遗传算法搜索? -SVR最优参数，以提高? -SVR的预测能力。将预测结果与灰色理论、BP神经网络预测结果进行比较，显示? -SVR算法学习和预测精度高。     

班公湖-怒江结合带西段中特提斯多岛弧构造演化

本文根据1∶25万地质填图成果,将班公湖-怒江结合带西段弧-盆系时空结构自北向南划分为五峰尖-拉热拉新晚侏罗世—早白垩世陆缘火山-岩浆弧带、班公湖蛇绿混杂岩北、南亚带和昂龙岗日-班戈白垩纪—始新世岩浆弧带等,初步认为中特提斯洋经历了三叠纪—早侏罗世扩张,中—晚侏罗世往北、南双向俯冲,晚三叠世—早白垩世残余洋(海)盆和早—晚白垩世陆-弧(陆)碰撞等演化阶段。     

黄河源区早更新世含植物化石地层的发现及意义

通过对扎根加陇早更新世湖相地层(1919.6kaB.P.)、棒咯涌K5号钻孔早更新世河湖相地层(1135.9～945.4kaB.P.)、野牛河西岸早更新世河湖相地层(1548.2～765.4kaB.P.)以及产于扎根加陇早更新世湖相地层中的植物化石、各剖面孢粉资料的分析,获知黄河源区早更新世早期为亚热带山地针叶林植被景观,地层中木本植物花粉占绝对优势,以针叶植物云杉属、松属、冷杉属、铁杉属为主,是源区动植物发育的鼎盛时期;进入早更新世晚期初,乔木植物花粉迅速减少乃至全部消失,草本植物花粉大幅度增加。晚期末,孢粉出现贫化,以草本植物花粉为主,呈现荒漠草原植被景观。提出了现今黄河源区生态地质环境的形成是地质演化的必然结果。     

进化策略算法在地面沉降量计算参数反演中的应用

多数情况下,评估的研究区缺乏多年积累的地下水位及开采量资料。因此,通常采用土力学模型,根据太沙基固结理论,进行地面沉降量预测。在地面沉降量计算中,土层变形参数值的选取直接影响计算结果的精确性。深层含水层埋深通常大于100m。通过现场勘探,采取土样进行岩土物理力学性质试验获取参数值,成本过于昂贵。通过参考区域土层物理力学性质资料,结合工程经验获取参数值,预测结果的精度得不到保证。针对上述情况,作者提出用非线性优化算法-进化策略算法,根据实测地面沉降量反演土层变形参数值。通过这种方法确定参数值,既节约成本,又保证了计算结果的可靠性。进化策略算法通过模拟生物遗传及进化过程,利用转移概率来帮助指导搜索。搜索结果不依赖于初始点的选择,对于求解全局最优解有很强的鲁棒性。作者将进化策略算法用于某一工程实例土层变形参数的反演,结果表明了该算法的可行性及稳健性,值得在工程实践中推广应用。     

北山-走廊地区中-新生代构造演化及盆地产铀远景评价

北山-走廊地区位于塔里木、华北、哈萨克斯坦、西伯利亚和柴达木等板（地）块的交汇处，中-新生代经历了印支、燕山、四川、华北、喜马拉雅和新构造等构造运动时期，发育了众多中、小型叠合盆地。通过对不同时期构造应力场、沉积响应和变形等特征的分析，归纳了该区中-新生代经历三次挤压隆升、两次伸展断陷的构造演化规律。在此构造背景下发育的沉积盆地可划分为6个演化阶段，充填了不同特征的沉积物。其中，断陷盆地发育时期气候潮湿、物源充足、砂体发育、岩石中含有机质等还原剂，有利于砂岩型铀矿的形成。因此，将中-下侏罗统确定为本区的主要找矿目标层，下白垩统为次要找矿目标层。目标层沉积后构造改造总体较强，晚侏罗世的构造改造北强南弱，晚白垩世以来的构造改造西强东弱、南冲北拗。基于上述认识，认为潮水和巴音戈壁等盆地北缘具有较好的铀成矿远景，值得进一步勘查。     

长白山区图们江流域新生代火山岩的岩石化学研究

图们江流域新生代火山岩以溢流式喷发为特征，其主要岩石类型以拉斑玄武岩为主，含少量玄武质粗安岩、碱性玄武岩、玄武质安山岩和粗面玄武岩。根据图们江流域火山岩的Mg#（Mg#=100Mg^2＋／（Mg^2＋＋Fe^2＋））值多数≤60，Ni含量〈100μg／g和主、微量元素地球化学特征综合表明，形成火山岩的岩浆不是原始岩浆，它们是原始岩浆在上地幔经历了橄榄石、辉石分离结晶作用后形成的以拉斑玄武岩为主，包括碱性玄武岩和粗面玄武岩等演化岩浆，结晶分异作用是岩浆演化过程的主要控制因素。拉斑玄武质岩浆在上升过程中发生了不同程度的壳源物质同化混染作用，发生在上地壳遭受较大程度混染的岩浆K2O含量明显偏高（〉2．6％），形成玄武质粗安岩。     

吉林伊通-大屯地区晚中生代-新生代玄武岩的地球化学特征及其意义

吉林伊通-大屯地区有长达80Ma的火山喷发历史,为探讨该区深部地质演化提供了条件。从晚白垩长春大屯火山(92．5±0．5Ma)到伊舒地堑内第三纪伊通火山群(31Ma、9～15Ma),玄武岩碱性逐渐增强,Dy/Yb比值逐渐升高,根据地幔动态熔融模型计算获得的玄武岩最终形成深度由约50km变深至110km。根据岩石圈盖效应推测该区晚白垩纪以来岩石圈厚度逐渐增厚。伊通第三纪碱性玄武岩显示了均一的地球化学组成;类似洋岛玄武岩(OIB)的微量元素分配模式和Nb/U比值,以及低(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i、正ε_(Nd)(t)同位素特征暗示它主要来源于软流圈。与第三纪碱性玄武岩相比,晚白垩大屯拉斑玄武岩具有相对偏高的Ni、Cr和Sc,高Ba/Th、Rb/Nb、Ba/Nb比值,高(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i和低(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)_i。这些特征可能与软流圈熔体与古老富集地幔之间的相互反应有关。伊通-大屯玄武岩的演化特征反映了岩石圈在板内岩浆作用中所担当的不同角色:第三纪时,岩石圈并没有在物质上直接参与岩浆作用,但岩石圈对上涌软流圈起到了机械阻挡作用;而在晚白垩岩浆作用中,岩石圈的间接和直接作用都得到了体现。     

柴北缘的大地构造演化及其地质事件群

柴达木盆地北缘及邻区包括六个二级构造单元:中南祁连地块(宗务隆天山期裂陷槽)、欧龙布鲁克微陆块、柴北缘祁连期结合带、柴达木地块、东昆仑晚天山-印支期结合带(东昆北岩浆弧)和西秦岭结合带。其中柴北缘及邻区的大地构造演化,经历了前寒武纪基底成生与演化、祁连期洋-陆转化、天山-印支期板内变形和中新生代陆相盆地演化-高原隆升等四个阶段。本文在论述各个演化阶段的沉积事件、岩浆活动、变质作用、构造形迹和成矿作用等地质事件群的基础上,对柴北缘的变质基底、全球大地构造对比和显生宙花岗岩等重大基础地质问题进行了讨论。