中国西北部成矿地质特征及找矿新发现

西北地区地处中亚构造域和特提斯构造域的交汇处,中间夹有塔里木克拉通和华北克拉通的西段。地质历史上,两个克拉通及其裂解的微陆块的形成和运动史,基本约束了中国西北部的构造发展历程。围绕克拉通及微陆块的显生宙造山带基本是其周缘增生的结果,由于大陆运移,其他大陆边缘增生的产物,在早三叠世(210 Ma)大陆汇聚中也添加了进来,这些造山带及其陆块边缘的增生是西北各种内生金属矿床的重要形成背景。同时,新元古代、晚古生代陆内与地幔柱有关的大火成岩省的发育,为铜镍等重要矿床的形成提供了条件。此外,在克拉通及其微陆块形成和后期的叠生盆地中,形成了重要的沉积和沉积变质矿床。西北地区近年来重要找矿发现,不断印证了西北克拉通边缘板块构造增生和板内幔源构造岩浆作用成矿的特点,并对传统的地质背景构造认识提出了挑战。这其中,最具经济价值和地质意义的是3个超大型金属矿床的发现:西天山早石炭世阿吾拉勒火山-次火山岩浆喷溢型磁铁矿矿床、东昆仑早泥盆世夏日哈木岩浆深部熔离-贯入型铜镍矿床和西昆仑侏罗—白垩纪火烧云构造热液型铅锌矿床。阿吾拉勒磁铁矿矿床是中国首例火山-次火山岩浆喷溢型磁铁矿矿床,可与智利的拉科超大型典型磁铁矿矿床对比,且更具有经济价值,该矿床的勘查和研究为深入理解中亚造山带天山及其邻区石炭纪裂谷型火山岩浆作用与成矿提供了研究的范例;夏日哈木铜镍矿是中国近年来最重要的铜镍矿发现,探明镍资源量已达百万吨以上,该矿床的发现为查明中国早古生代末期新的岩浆铜镍成矿事件及其找矿潜力提供了研究新区;火烧云铅锌矿床是新近发现的具有超大型资源潜力的铅锌矿床,也是喀喇昆仑—三江造山带中蕴藏的中新生代巨型铅锌成矿带上最重要的成矿发现,为深化研究青藏高原东北缘巨型铅锌成矿带的成矿物质来源和构造控矿机制提供了新的基地。     

峡东埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组稳定碳同位素记录及其年代地层意义

基于峡东秭归青林口、泗溪和宜昌晓峰河埃迪卡拉系下部陡山沱组剖面岩石、层序和精细的碳同位素地层研究,在埃迪卡拉系下部陡山沱组底部、下部、中部、上部和顶部分别识别出5次以灰岩出现或黑色页岩增厚为标志的海侵事件,划分出5个可以进行区域对比的三级层序,自下而上分别命名为BDSS,LDSS,MDSS,UDSS和TDSS。以层序界面为对比标志,峡东埃迪卡拉纪不同古地理部位碳同位素组成变化的对比显示峡东埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组中内部发育5次可以进行区域乃至全球对比的碳同位素负异常,分别是分布在BDSS下部的SN1,LDSS上部的SN2,MDSS上部和顶部的SN3和SN4,以及分布在UDSS上部的SN5。其中SN1和SN4碳同位素负偏离最为明显,最小δ13C分别达到-4‰~-5‰和-9‰~-10‰,分别与Marinoan冰期上覆盖帽白云岩以及Gaskier冰碛沉积上、下地层中的碳同位素组成特点接近。SN4是埃迪卡拉系最晚冰期的产物。与SN1是埃迪卡拉系底界划分对比的标志相对比,SN4的出现应该是埃迪卡拉系内部再划分中另一个不可忽视的界线标志。     

内蒙古塔木素地区砂岩型铀矿床热活动与铀矿化之间关系

巴音戈壁盆塔木素地区砂岩型铀矿目的层普遍固结,矿体多层但连续性差,分布不规律,后生改造特征明显。本文通过野外露头调查、岩芯观察和微观分析,发现该地区普遍发育穿层脉状石膏或方解石、热液金属硫化物矿物、矿物重结晶与新生胶结物等,出现硫酸盐-金属硫化物共生矿物和S同位素分馏,指示存在后生热流体活动。通过对矿体、矿石特征及铀矿物成因的分析,初步认为热改造对成矿控制主要发生在层间氧化作用后期,温度升高造成碳酸钙和硫酸钙沉淀、重结晶,破坏含矿溶液中碳酸铀酰络合物的平衡,造成U的沉淀,促使铀矿化进一步富集。     

频谱激电法的发展与展望

从频谱激电法的发展概况﹑仪器系统、数学模型、反演方法及应用等方面,介绍了频谱激电法的研究现状。介绍了频谱激电法目前常用的仪器系统:SIP-FUCHSII和V8,数据模型主要有:Cole-Cole、常相位角模型CPA、普通化的Cole-Cole模型和理论模型SNP。反演方法简要介绍了几种常用算法,反演算法也由一维、二维发展到三维。列举了频谱激电法近年来在矿产资源、水资源调查等多个领域的应用概况,展望了频谱激电法的发展方向:(1)同时考虑激电效应和电磁效应的三维电磁场正演计算技术是研究的前沿和热点;(2)频谱激电法对有机污染的探查成为未来应用研究的新领域。     

A Preliminary Review of Metallogenic Regularity of Silver Deposits in China

China has widely distributed silver deposits,and is rich in silver resources.Although silver deposits are mainly associated with Pb-Zn deposits,a number of independent silver deposits have also been discovered in recent years.Silver deposits include different types,such as submarine volcanism and continental volcanism related type,intrusion related type,and sedimentary related type.This study summarized the metallogenic regularity of China’s silver deposits systematically based mainly on the data from 490 silver deposits.It is shown that submarine volcanic sedimentary type,continental volcanic or sub-volcanic type,skarn type,hydrothermal type(including vein type and stratabound type),sedimentary metamorphic type,sedimentary type and regolith type should be regarded as the most important prediction types of silver deposit.A total of 32 silver mineralization belts and 111 silver concentration areas have been delineated.The map of "Spatial distribution of silver mineralization belts in China" and other series of maps finished in this study may provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation and prognosis of silver resources potential in China.     

Origin of Listwanite in the Luobusa Ophiolite, Tibet, Implications for Chromite Stability in Hydrothermal Systems

Listwanite from the Luobusa ophiolite,Tibet,forms a narrow,discontinuous band along the eastern part of the southern boundary fault. We undertook a detailed petrographic and geochemical study to understand the mineral transformation processes and the behaviour of major and trace elements during listwanite formation. Three alteration zones characterized by distinct mineral components and texture are recognized and,in order of increasing degree of alteration,these are: zoneIII is rich in serpentine minerals; zoneII is rich in talc and carbonates; and zoneI is mainly composed of carbonates and quartz. Geochemical data for the three alteration zones show significant modification of some major and trace elements in the protolith,although some oxides show linear correlations with Mg O. Gold mineralization is recognized in the Luobusa listwanite and may signify an important target for future mineral exploration. Gold enrichment occurs in both zoneI and zoneIIand is up to 0.91 g/t in one sample from zoneI. We show that CO2-rich hydrothermal fluids can modify both the occurrence and composition of chromite grains,indicating some degree of chromite mobility. Low-Cr anhedral grains are more easily altered than high-Cr varieties. The compositions of chromite and olivine grains in the listwanite suggest a dunite protolith.     

Characterization of Galena and Vein Paragenesis in the Penjom Gold Mine, Malaysia: Trace Elements, Lead Isotope Study and Relationship to Gold Mineralization Episodes

The Penjom Gold Mine is located 30 km from the Bentong-Raub Suture at the western boundary of the Central Belt in Peninsular Malaysia. Gold mineralization hosted within the vein system is associated with pyrite, arsenopyrite, and minor base metals including galena. Trace element and lead isotope analysis was undertaken on nine samples that represent two stages of galena formed during two tectonic events. Both the Pb isotopes and the trace elements show that the first stage galena within the mineralized areas at the footwall has different geochemical characteristics compared with galena in non mineralized areas in the hanging wall, suggesting that galena crystallized from two different ore fluids and probably at two different times. Higher Te, Se and Bi in the galena from the mineralized area may indicate hydrothermal fluids that migrate through the structural conduit and leached out the metal along the pathway that consist of dominant carbonaceous unit. The Pb isotopic ratio composition are transitional between the bulk crustal growth and an upper crustal growth curve, indicating that derivation was from arc rocks associated with continental crust or a crustal source that includes arc volcanic and old continental sedimentary rocks.     

皖南地区天井山金矿的矿化时空结构及矿体定位规律

天井山金矿的矿化类型有石英脉型、蚀变岩型和千糜岩型,构成复合金矿化体系,各矿化类型的成因及时空配置具有密切的内在成生联系,组合产出特征明显。主成矿期成矿演化可以划分为微量金-石英阶段、金-单硫化物-石英阶段、金-多金属硫化物-石英阶段和微量金-萤石-方解石-石英阶段。矿体主要赋存于接触带构造及其附近,呈脉状、透镜状,膨大狭缩、尖灭再现、舒缓波状产出特征明显;断裂产状变化处及裂隙发育地段易于形成厚大富矿体,矿化发育程度与基性岩脉空间关系密切。矿体总体走向NE,具有浅部NW倾向、NE向侧伏,深部SE倾向、SW向侧伏的定位规律。其空间定位产出样式可分为外接触带型、接触带型和内接触带型。     

四平山门—放牛沟一带成矿系列及成矿区带划分

山门—放牛沟一带分布有众多的贵金属、多金属矿床(点),是吉林省重要的成矿区带之一,本文根据前人的工作成果,总结了该区的成矿地质背景和成矿系列,并在全国Ⅲ级成矿区带划分的基础上进行了Ⅳ级成矿亚带的划分,对各成矿亚带的特征进行了总结。     

晚中新世-上新世黄土高原佳县红粘土剖面碳同位素记录与C4植被演化

新生代C4植被开始扩张的年代、过程和驱动机制是全球古气候变化研究的焦点问题.中国黄土高原的黄土-红粘土剖面保存了连续的古生态演化记录,是研究这一关键科学问题的理想载体.本文选择黄土高原北部佳县厚达64m的红粘土剖面(8.2～2.7Ma),对190个层位的次生方解石矿物进行了无机碳同位素测试,由此分析了晚中新世-上新世末的C4植被扩张和演化过程.C4植被持续增长与全球冰盖的扩张基本一致,表明气候变冷很可能导致了黄土高原区域气候的干旱化与降雨季节性的增强.C4植被的扩张存在明显的3个阶段,分别以6.6Ma和3.6Ma为界限,每一次扩张增加10％左右,暗示了全球性的构造事件对黄土高原植被演化的控制.此外,佳县红粘土剖面呈现10次持续时间为10 ～ 20万年的碳同位素正漂移事件,平均每40万年发生一次,说明40万年轨道周期也控制着C4植被的演化.