海上四分量地震勘探综述

本文以最新的国内外研究成果和发表的论文为基础,总结了“海上四分量地震（Ｍ４Ｃ）是指将四分量传感系统置于海底来记录传输应力波的全矢量波场的技术”的概念,综述了有关传感器系统的设计与结构等采集技术和装备,以及处理与解释技术。     

中国气溶胶分布的地理学和气候学特征

中国人口地理分界线——胡焕庸线根据人口、地理,气候和经济等特点把中国(不包括港、澳、台地区)分为东、西两部分。用2000~2010年MODIS大气气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)资料,分析气溶胶分布的地理学和气候学特征后发现,胡焕庸线还可被视为中国气溶胶地理学的分界线,在其两侧气溶胶的性质和浓度都有明显差别。在人口稠密和海拔较低的东部,由人类活动产生的气溶胶为主,年平均AOD约为0.45;在西部,自然过程释放的气溶胶主导的AOD约为0.25。近10 a来东部AOD的年际间变化呈现增加趋势,西部AOD出现微弱减少的趋势。东部人为气溶胶年际间变化受亚洲季风影响。西部自然气溶胶年际间变化主要受沙漠地区沙尘气溶胶排放源的影响,沙尘天气过程主要控制其气溶胶的释放。     

综合管廊横向振动台试验设计

在基于文献调研及综合考虑试验目的、试验条件、试验经费的基础上对于综合管廊横向振动台试验进行详细设计。首先,对于试验中所需的振动台、模型箱、测试元件等试验设备进行设计与选择。其次,对于试验中两大主要方面:模型相似比和模型配筋进行研究。在相似比设计中依据Bockinghamπ定理以加速度、密度、弹性模量、长度这4个参数为基本量,考虑采用忽略重力模型,从而推导出其余相似比。模型配筋设计中由于无论单层综合管廊还是双层综合管廊原型结构配筋均较为简单同时考虑受力的合理性,本次配筋采用等面积配筋率原则。再次,基于地下结构地震反应特点选用El-Centro波、Kobe波、Taft波,试验加载采用分段逐次加载,并给出详细的加载制度。最后,基于前期二维模型的数值模拟,给出单层及双层综合管廊的测试元件布置图。     

Development of a flood water level estimation method using satellite images and a digital elevation model for the Mekong floodplain

We have developed a flood water level estimation method that only employs satellite images and a DEM. The method involves three steps: (1) discriminating flood areas and identifying clumps of each flood area, (2) extracting the edges of the identified flood area using a buffering technique, and (3) performing spatial interpolation to transform the extracted elevation to flood water levels. We compared the estimated flood water levels with the observed ones. The RMSE using the RADARSAT was 1.99 and 1.30 m at river and floodplain points, respectively, whereas the RMSE using the MODIS was 4.33 and 1.33 m at the river and floodplain points, respectively. Given that most errors are attributed to the DEM, the method exhibited good performance. Furthermore, the method reproduced the flow directions and flood water level changes during the flooding period. Thus, we demonstrated that the characteristics of flood inundation can be understood even when ground observation data cannot be obtained.     

CG-5重力仪倾斜传感器检验调整原理解析及应用

对照CG-5数字重力仪倾斜传感器检验调整步骤,解析重力仪倾斜传感器零位补偿和灵敏度的检验调整原理,剖析倾斜传感器检验调整机理,通过实验对检验调整解析原理进行验证。结果表明,本文解析的检验调整原理正确,同时提出重力测量时倾斜传感器检验调整限差制定依据。该解析方法对于了解仪器原理、优化仪器应用及仪器的二次开发利用有参考作用。     

中国西北干旱半干旱区气溶胶分类及特征

基于2013—2015年CALIPSO星载激光雷达的Level 2数据集资料,对中国西北干旱半干旱区的气溶胶进行了分类研究,并对不同种类气溶胶在不同光学厚度下的年均发生频率做以分析。结果表明：沙尘气溶胶整体随气溶胶光学厚度值增大呈下降趋势;而污染沙尘型气溶胶在6类型气溶胶出现频率最高;大陆污染型气溶胶频率集中在[0.1,0.35],随气溶胶光学厚度值的增大频率呈升高趋势;烟尘型气溶胶频率集中在[0.2,0.4],在不同气溶胶光学厚度值情况下,频率较大陆污染型气溶胶高,随气溶胶光学厚度值的增大频率呈上升趋势;从四季来看,秋季和冬季当气溶胶光学厚度值大于0.1时,大陆污染型气溶胶频率明显高于沙尘气溶胶。春季,河西地区的气溶胶光学厚度高于其他三季,而在研究区域的南部和东南部,秋、冬季的气溶胶光学厚度值高于春、夏季。气溶胶光学厚度秋季 > 春季 > 夏季 > 冬季。     

斜轴式太赫兹天线的卡焦近场全息测量研究

天线反射面的面形精度直接影响天线效率, 是望远镜的关键指标之一. 近场射电全息具有测量精度高, 便捷高效的优点, 是毫米波和亚毫米波射电望远镜面形检测最为常用的方法之一, 卡焦近场全息可以完整测量望远镜光路中整体的面形误差. 斜轴式机架结构能够更好地适应太赫兹望远镜在极端台址环境下的整体保温和热控需求, 但斜轴天线特殊的转动特性会在近场全息测量过程中引入额外的系统误差. 针对斜轴式天线的卡焦近场全息测量, 分析了数据处理中需要额外考虑的参考路接收机位置和副面衍射的影响, 并在1.2m口径斜轴式太赫兹天线上开展了测量实验. 实验结果表明, 卡焦近场全息测量的重复测量精度优于2.0μm RMS (Root Mean Square), 面形误差分布与摄影测量所得结果一致, 验证了误差分析与修正的正确性.     

基于边缘探测器的FMG稳像探测研究

全日面矢量磁像仪(Full-disk vector Magnetograph, FMG)是先进天基太阳天文台(Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory, ASO-S)卫星的主要载荷之一,为确保其可获得高空间分辨率的全日面太阳矢量磁场图, FMG配备了一套高精度稳像控制系统.FMG稳像系统采用边缘探测器对太阳入射倾斜偏差进行测量.基于FMG望远镜的太阳像仿真数据分析边缘探测器在太阳像能量分布下的输出特性以及太阳像尺寸与边缘探测器量程和灵敏度的关系.最后,在实验室搭建了一套验证系统对FMG稳像系统边缘探测器进行了相关性能验证实验.实验结果与理论分析一致,太阳像尺寸越大,边缘探测器量程越大,边缘探测器灵敏度越低.     

Spatio-temporal modeling of PM2.5 concentrations with missing data problem: a case study in Beijing,China

ABSTRACT

One of the major challenges in conducting epidemiological studies of air pollution and health is the difficulty of estimating the degree of exposure accurately. Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) concentrations vary in space and time, which are difficult to estimate in rural, suburban and smaller urban areas due to the sparsity of the ground monitoring network. Satellite retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) has been increasingly used as a proxy of ground PM_2.5 observations, although it suffers from non-trivial missing data problems. To address these issues, we developed a multi-stage statistical model in which daily PM_2.5 concentrations can be obtained with complete spatial coverage. The model consists of three stages – an inverse probability weighting scheme to correct non-random missing patterns of AOD values, a spatio-temporal linear mixed effect model to account for the spatially and temporally varying PM_2.5-AOD relationships, and a gap-filling model based on the integrated nested Laplace approximation-stochastic partial differential equations (INLA-SPDE). Good model performance was achieved from out-of-sample validation as shown in R² of 0.93 and root mean square error of 9.64 μg/m³. The results indicated that the multi-stage PM_2.5 prediction model proposed in the present study yielded highly accurate predictions, while gaining computational efficiency from the INLA-SPDE.