国内外常规高空观测技术发展近况综述

对国内外高空观测技术在的近几年的进展情况作了综。述及的内容包括：探空仪的各种传感器和电路，各种测风设备，测量精度，自动化与经济有效性等。     

沙尘暴的光学遥感及分析

本文根据激光雷达和光度计综合探测的结果，结合气象背景资料分析了1988年4月北京地区三次沙尘暴过程气溶胶物理光学特性及其远距离输送时的垂直结构。这三次尘暴主要来源于内蒙的沙漠和黄土地区，根据激光探测消光系数垂直分布资料，在4月11日，沙尘粒子有3个不同的输送带，其中两个输送带的高度处于 2000—3000 m和3000—6000 m，另一个输送带的下边界高度约为200 m，其高度结构密切依赖于风场的垂直结构。根据多波长太阳光度计和半球辐射计的观测结果，尘暴期间大气柱沙尘总光学厚度在0.3至15之间变化，峰值光学厚度比平时偏大约一个数量级，在0.65 μm波长，在4月11日测量的气溶胶一次散射反照率均值为0.85。     

利用矩阵光学方法分析单光栅自成像现象

本文首次用矩阵光学理论，结合光栅衍射相于条件，推导出光栅自成像条件，用像的位移叠加观点解释了光栅自成像现象，并分别讨论在球面单色波和平面单色波照明下自成像的特点。     

Shortwave aerosol optical depth of Arctic haze measured on board the NOAA WP-3D during AGASP-II,April 1986

Measurements of spectral aerosol optical depth in the Alaskan and Canadian Arctic were made from the NOAA Lockheed WP-3D aircraft as part of the second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP-II) during April 1986. The flight tracks and altitudes flown enabled measurements of the vertical and horizontal distribution of aerosol optical depth in the troposphere as well as direct determination of the stratospheric component. Tropospheric aerosol optical depth ranged from about 0.1 to 0.7. The factor of 7 variability sometimes occurred within 50 km horizontally; comparable variability occurred within less than 1 to 2 km vertically. The Angstrom exponents of the spectral optical depths ranged from 0.5 to 2.0, and some of the variability was apparently related to distinct aerosol regimes.     

Aging of savanna biomass burning aerosols: Consequences on their optical properties

During the FOS-DECAFE experiment at Lamto, Ivory Coast, in January 1991, various ground studies were undertaken simultaneously in order to investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of smoke emitted by savanna biomass burning. Here we present sunphotometer ground-based results which allow the measurements of the spectral optical depth between 450 and 850 nm, the atmospheric water vapour content and the particle size distribution spectrum. The carbonaceous content of the savanna biomass burning aerosols is also investigated. This is the first time that the physical characteristics of particles emitted by savanna plumes are obtained from ground-field studies. All the results suggest that a rapid aging of the smoke occurs first hundred metres from the savanna fire èmission source. They show a relationship between the optical properties of smoke and the chemical aging of the aerosols primarily due to particle growth and a loss of organic material relative to the black carbon content.     

从全波段太阳直射辐射确定大气气溶胶光学厚度 I. 理论

本文提出了从全波段太阳直射辐射信息确定0.7μm波长大气柱气溶胶光学厚度的一种新方法。数值试验表明，对各类气溶胶谱分布，在水汽含量±0.2cm的误差、臭氧总量±0.1cm的误差、太阳直射辐射的±1%的观测误差以及太阳常数的±2%误差范围内，对小于0.1的0.7μm波长气溶胶光学厚度，它的解误差一般小于0.017，对大于0.1并小于0.6的光学厚度，它的解误差一般小于10%。     

洋面水汽的微波SSM/I资料反演试验

结合1987年7月华北一次降水过程，利用SSM/I微波资料反演了渤海湾洋面大气柱水汽含量。反演结果与探空资料以及天气实况的对比分析表明，洋面大气柱水汽总含量的SSM/I微波反演结果与探空观测符合得较好，而且能够较好地反映非阵性降水的空间分布和时间变化。     

Observation Study of Aerosol Radiative Properities over China

With a simplified radiation balance model, study is performed of aerosol direct radiation forcing in relation to its optical properties and surface reflectance, indicating that with the thickened aerosol layer the earth-atmosphere system may increase or weaken the solar radiation albedo, depending upon different combinations of aerosol single scattering albedo (SSA,ω0), asymmetry factor (g), and surface albedo (αg) rather than relying directly on the aerosol optical depth (δ), which has its value just in proportion to the changed range of albedo alone. As indicated by the model results, systematic observations of aerosol radiative properties are required to make quantitative study of aerosol direct radiative forcing. Observational research of the properties has been undertaken based on ground and space measurements over China, including ground-based sunphotometer-aerosol optical depth (AOD), nephelometer-aerosol scattering coefficients, aethalometer-aerosol absorption coefficients, and MODIS products-retrieved AOD. The satellite retrieved AOD is validated against in situ sun photometer measured AOD, indicating that for eastern China remote sensing given AODs are acceptable owing mainly to lower surface reflectance there whereas for poor vegetation in the north of China the surface reflectance may be underestimated in AOD retrieval. However, appropriate modification of the scheme of aerosol remote sensing is likely to improve the retrieval accuracy. The aerosol single scattering albedo in dry condition is around 0.80 from surface-measured scattering and absorption coefficients. It requires further studies based on more observations to improve our understanding of the issue.     

Statistical mapping of PM10 concentrations over Western Europe using secondary information from dispersion modeling and MODIS satellite observations

This paper illustrates the use of statistical techniques to standardize ground based measurements of particulate matter (PM10). Concentrations are interpolated over Western Europe using uncertain secondary information from a chemical transport model and of aerosol optical thickness from MODIS satellite observations. A consistent overview of PM10 concentrations over Europe based solely on ground based measurements is complicated by differences between countries. Different monitoring methods are used and calibrations are applied. There also is an inherent limitation to the spatial representativeness of ground based measurements. Validation showed that adding secondary information from either the chemical transport model or the satellite observations improved the PM10 mapping. The URMSE decreased from 5.14 to 4.26 and 4.58, respectively. A combination of both sources of secondary information gave the most accurate and precise predictions, with an URMSE of 3.62. This means that both external sources contain additional information on the spatial distribution of PM10 concentrations and should therefore be preferred.     

北方沙尘气溶胶光学厚度和粒子谱的反演

利用CE-318太阳光度计在内蒙古额济纳旗、东胜、锡林浩特三地观测的2002年6月喇3年5月间的太阳直接辐射数据，应用消光法反演大气气溶胶光学厚度[AOT（λ），Aerosol Optical Thickness]和粒子谱分布，并分析其变化特征。结果表明，该地区气溶胶光学厚度具有明显的时空变化：春季最大，冬季最小，AOT（λ=440nm）平均最大值为0．78，最小值为0．13。3个观测点中，额济纳旗的光学厚度最大，东胜最小。光学厚度的日变化主要有4种形式：1）早晨高傍晚低；2）早晨低傍晚高；3）早晚低中午高；4）变化平缓。这主要与沙尘天气的发生、大气层结稳定度和人类活动等因素有关。气溶胶粒子谱分布基本符合Junge谱，在粒径0．3μm、0．6μm和1．0μm处出现峰值。但是在不同天气条件下粒子谱有很大差异，在沙尘暴天气中，大粒子和巨粒子数有明显的增加，粒子数浓度要比晴天背景大气大了约一个量级。春季气溶胶粒子数浓度最大，夏秋季次之，冬季最小，但相差不超过一个量级。