Defining the moment of erosion: the principle of thermal consonance timing

Geomorphological process research demands quantitative information on erosion and deposition event timing and magnitude, in relation to fluctuations in the suspected driving forces. This paper establishes a new measurement principle – thermal consonance timing (TCT) – which delivers clearer, more continuous and quantitative information on erosion and deposition event magnitude, timing and frequency, to assist understanding of the controlling mechanisms. TCT is based on monitoring the switch from characteristically strong temperature gradients in sediment, to weaker gradients in air or water, which reveals the moment of erosion. The paper (1) derives the TCT principle from soil micrometeorological theory; (2) illustrates initial concept operationalization for field and laboratory use; (3) presents experimental data for simple soil erosion simulations; and (4) discusses initial application of TCT and perifluvial micrometeorology principles in the delivery of timing solutions for two bank erosion events on the River Wharfe, UK, in relation to the hydrograph. River bank thermal regimes respond, as soil temperature and energy balance theory predicts, with strong horizontal thermal gradients (often >1 K cm^?1 over 6·8 cm). TCT fixed the timing of two erosion events, the first during inundation, the second 19 h after the discharge peak and 13 h after re‐emergence from the flow. This provides rare confirmation of delayed bank retreat, quantifies the time‐lag involved, and suggests mass failure processes rather than fluid entrainment. Erosion events can be virtually instantaneous, implying ‘catastrophic retreat’ rather than ‘progressive entrainment’. Considerable potential exists to employ TCT approaches for: validating process models in several geomorphological contexts; assisting process identification and improving discrimination of competing hypotheses of process dominance through high‐resolution, simultaneous analysis of erosion and deposition events and driving forces; defining shifting erodibility and erosion thresholds; refining dynamic linkages in event‐based sediment budget investigations; and deriving closer approximations to ‘true’ erosion and deposition rates, especially in self‐concealing scour‐and‐fill systems. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

设计速度传感反馈地震计的新方案新思路

在深入分析研究了速度传感反馈地震计传统设计方案的基础上，提出了技术性能更优的传递函数两步实现方案。两步方案为反馈环路设计带来的巨大灵活性，又促使我们跳出传统的“延长周期”模式的思路束缚，提出了单纯阻尼反馈环的设计新思路。理论计算表明，两步方案与阻尼环结合的设计可以使速度传感反馈地震计的技术性能达到更高境界。反馈深度大、环路稳定性好，动态范围大和极点稳性高使它明显优于传统设计方案。     

941B型超低频测振仪的研究

本文介绍了941B型超低频测振仪的原理和技术性能.将无源电路补偿技术应用于优化设计的往复式小质量摆上,实现了测量量程和低频特性的扩展,克服了回转摆式低频测振仪簧片易损、需要调零、频带较窄的缺点.该仪器不仅可用来测量地面和工程结构的超低频振动的加速度、速度和位移,而且可用于爆破、冲击等较高频的振动测量.     

基于GIS的大型工程分布式光纤传感监测系统研究

BOTDR是一种新型的分布式光纤传感监测技术,其分布式、高精度、长距离、实时性、远程控制等特点,已逐渐受到工程界的广泛关注。本文结合工程实践中遇到的具体问题,研发了一套基于GIS的大型工程分布式光纤传感监测系统,讨论了系统的设计要求。并结合某隧道BOTDR监测工程实例,开发了一套相应的监测数据管理系统。该系统集工程监测数据的采集与管理、监测结果的可视化、监测信息的对比查询等功能于一体,是一套集智能化分析与决策化管理为一体的多功能管理系统。     

WLD-4C型光电直读光谱仪的开发与应用

报道了北京现代瑞利仪器有限责任公司研制的具有完全自主知识产权的新一代光电直读光谱分析仪(WLD-4C型)。对仪器的机械系统、电器系统、激发光源及计算机软件等作了重大改进,其专有技术保证了仪器的优良性能,与同类仪器相比具有较高的性能价格比,可广泛应用于冶金、机械制造、质检等行业的多种合金的化学成分的分析。重点阐述了仪器结构、工作原理、主要参数、分析性能以及主要特点。     

利用卫星可见通道反演整层大气气溶胶光学厚度

本文提出了一种基于大气辐射传输方程，利用ＮＯＡＡ－１４极轨卫星甚高分辨率辐射计见光单通道反射率资料，运用低光谱分辨率大气辐射传输模式程序反演晴空和上、均匀下垫面上的气象能见度和大气气溶胶光学厚度的算法。     

Effects of long-range transport on atmospheric trace constituents at the baseline station tenerife (Canary Islands)

First results of baseline observations from the new BAPMoN station Tenerife give information about the atmospheric background in this latitude of about 25° N in the North Atlantic. The influence of the meridional exchange with the northern part of the hemisphere as well as transport from the African continent is evident. Changes of air mass are strongly reflected in the concentration records of carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone depending on the seasonal and meridional distribution of these components. Transport of Sahara dust results in an increase of optical thickness and an ozone depletion. According to the seasonal frequency of characteristic transport conditions, these influences are reflected in the annual cycle of the records.     

用于光学薄膜测量的导波光学方法与分光光度技术的比较研究

通过对导波光学和分光光度法的实验比较研究,证明了导波光学技术在测量光学薄膜特征参数方面的可靠性及其良好精度。     

费氏台法岩组分析中数据的计算机采集和处理系统

本系统是显微组构要素的费氏台N.H.I三轴测定系统。它由三路角度传感器,PC-1500计算机及其费氏台数据采集装置组成。系统可完成对多种线、面要素的每一粒(次)测定过程的自动数据采集、实时成图处理。采集精度高(角度偏差≤0.5°,无累积偏差),成图精度高,速度快,工作适应性强,用户介入性好,系统性能稳定,使用方便,软件适应范围宽,是一种易于普及的岩组测定数据采集及处理系统。